Name: atomic charges, bonds, and compounds
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

Jony to naładowane elektrycznie atomy, które zyskały lub straciły elektrony. Atom, który traci elektrony i staje się naładowany dodatnio, jest kationem, podczas gdy atom, który zyskuje elektrony i staje się naładowany ujemnie, jest anionem.
Jony są niezbędne w wielu procesach fizjologicznych, takich jak przekazywanie impulsów nerwowych i skurcze mięśni.
Cząsteczki to kombinacje dwóch lub więcej atomów, które mają wspólne elektrony. Mogą składać się z atomów jednego pierwiastka, jak cząsteczka tlenu, lub atomów różnych pierwiastków, jak cząsteczka wody.
Związek to połączenie atomów różnych pierwiastków związanych chemicznie w ustalonej proporcji, niezależnie od tego, czy elektrony są przenoszone, czy współdzielone.
Związki jonowe powstają w wyniku oddziaływania elektrostatycznego między jonami metalicznymi i niemetalicznymi, jak w zwykłej soli kuchennej, z kationem sodu i anionem chlorkowym połączonymi ze sobą oddziaływaniami elektrostatycznymi.
Związki molekularne powstają, gdy atomy niemetalu są połączone wiązaniami kowalencyjnymi. Na przykład metan jest związkiem molekularnym, w którym cztery atomy wodoru dzielą elektrony z atomem węgla w określonej proporcji.

jony, molekuły i związki chemiczne

Jony - Kiedy atom uczestniczy w reakcji chemicznej, która powoduje oddanie lub przyjęcie jednego lub większej liczby elektronów, atom zyskuje ładunek dodatni lub ujemny. Często dzieje się to dla większości atomów, aby posiadały pełną powłokę walencyjną. Może to nastąpić poprzez zdobycie elektronów w celu wypełnienia powłoki, która jest większa niż w połowie pełna, lub poprzez oddanie elektronów w celu opróżnienia powłoki, która jest mniejsza niż w połowie pełna, pozostawiając w ten sposób nową, pełną powłokę walencyjną. Atom z ładunkiem elektrycznym - dodatnim lub ujemnym - jest jonem.

Potas (K), na przykład, jest ważnym pierwiastkiem we wszystkich komórkach organizmu. Jego liczba atomowa wynosi 19. Ma tylko jeden elektron w powłoce walencyjnej. Ta charakterystyka sprawia, że potas jest bardzo prawdopodobny do uczestnictwa w reakcjach chemicznych, w których oddaje jeden elektron. Strata ta spowoduje większy wpływ naładowanych dodatnio protonów potasu niż naładowanych ujemnie elektronów potasu. Innymi słowy, powstający jon potasu będzie nieznacznie naładowany dodatnio. Naładowany dodatnio jon nazywany jest kationem.

Inny pierwiastek, fluor (F), składnik kości i zębów, ma liczbę atomową dziewięć. Ma siedem elektronów w powłoce walencyjnej. Fluor jest bardzo prawdopodobny do wiązania z innymi atomami w taki sposób, że przyjmuje jeden elektron. Kiedy to się dzieje, liczba elektronów przewyższa liczbę protonów o jeden, więc fluor będzie miał ogólny ładunek ujemny. Naładowany ujemnie jon nazywany jest anionem.

Jony są niezbędne do normalnego funkcjonowania organizmu, dlatego ich zaburzenia mogą prowadzić do problemów zdrowotnych. Na przykład, niedobór jonów sodu może powodować choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Niski poziom wapnia we krwi może powodować tężyczkę - niekontrolowane skurcze mięśni.

Molekuły - Molekuły są po prostu dwoma lub więcej atomami, które są ze sobą chemicznie związane. Molekuły mogą składać się z atomów tego samego pierwiastka, na przykład cząsteczka tlenu, utworzona przez wiązanie między dwoma atomami tlenu, lub mogą być utworzone przez wiązanie między atomami różnych pierwiastków, na przykład cząsteczka dwutlenku węgla, utworzona przez wiązanie między atomami tlenu i węgla.

Związki - Związek jest czystą substancją utworzoną przez wiązanie dwóch lub więcej atomów w ustalonej proporcji. Na przykład, związek glukoza jest ważnym paliwem dla organizmu. Zawsze składa się z tych samych trzech pierwiastków: węgla, wodoru i tlenu, w tych samych proporcjach. W glukozie zawsze występują sześć jednostek węgla i sześć jednostek tlenu na dwanaście jednostek wodoru.

Ten tekst jest adaptacją z <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-2-chemical-bonds?query=when%20a%20atom%20participates&target=%7B%22type%22%3A%22search%22%2C%22index%22%3A0%7D#fs-id2113058">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.2 Chemical Bonds</a> and Openstax, <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-1-elements-and-atoms-the-building-blocks-of-matter?query=For%20example%2C%20the%20compound%20glucose%20is%20an%20important%20body%20fuel.%20It%20is%20always%20composed%20of%20the%20same%20three%20elements&target=%7B%22type%22%3A%22search%22%2C%22index%22%3A0%7D#fs-id1882474">Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter</a>.

Jony, Molekuły i Związki Chemiczne

Jony - Kiedy atom uczestniczy w reakcji chemicznej, która skutkuje oddaniem lub przyjęciem jednego lub więcej elektronów, atom staje się dodatnio ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia i fizjologia

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Podstawy chemii

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

Ions, Molecules, and Compounds

atomic charges, bonds, and compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell.

Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine is another example. It has atomic number 9 and seven electrons in its valence shell, so it is likely to accept one electron and become a negatively charged ion called an anion.

Ions are important for normal body function, so an imbalance can cause health problems. A sodium ion imbalance can contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Low blood calcium levels can also cause tetany, which is marked by uncontrollable involuntary muscle contractions.

Molecules and compounds are related but not the same. A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded together. The atoms may be the same element, as in oxygen gas, or different elements, as in carbon dioxide gas. A compound is a pure substance made when two or more atoms bond in a fixed proportion.

Glucose is a useful example of a compound. It is an important body fuel and always contains the same elements in the same relative amounts: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In glucose, there are always six carbon units and six oxygen units for every twelve hydrogen units.

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ions, molecules, and compounds

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key terms and concepts

Learn how atoms become ions, why cations and anions form, and how molecules and compounds differ using potassium, fluorine, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose.

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

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