Name: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Physics

PH.9

PH.9.e

States of Matter

Materia występuje w trzech głównych formach fizycznych: stałej, ciekłej i gazowej.
Wszystkie cząsteczki materii mają określoną ilość energii kinetycznej, która określa ich stan skupienia.
Cząsteczki ciał stałych są gęsto upakowane z niewielką przestrzenią wokół nich i mają ograniczony ruch. Nadaje to bryłom określony kształt i objętość.
Cząsteczki w cieczach są wiązane silnymi, przyciągającymi siłami, pozostawiając wokół siebie niewiele miejsca. Mają jednak wystarczająco dużo energii, aby swobodnie się poruszać, dzięki czemu ciecze mogą płynąć.
W gazach cząsteczki mają wysoką energię kinetyczną, szybko mijają się ze sobą, w wyniku czego mają znikome siły międzycząsteczkowe. Ze względu na dużą przestrzeń wokół cząsteczek, gazy mają niską gęstość, dzięki czemu są ściśliwe.
Materia może przekształcać się z jednego stanu w drugi wraz ze zmianą temperatury i ciśnienia.
Gdy temperatura wzrasta, cząsteczki mogą uzyskać wystarczającą ilość energii kinetycznej, aby pokonać siły międzycząsteczkowe i przejść do mniej uporządkowanego stanu.
Gdy ciśnienie rośnie, cząsteczki są popychane bliżej siebie, zwiększając siły międzycząsteczkowe i zmieniając materię w bardziej uporządkowany stan.

stany skupienia materii

Ciała stałe, ciecze i gazy to trzy powszechnie spotykane na Ziemi stany skupienia materii. Ciało stałe jest sztywne i ma określony kształt. Ciecz płynie i przyjmuje kształt swojego pojemnika, z wyjątkiem utworzenia płaskiej lub lekko zakrzywionej górnej powierzchni pod wpływem grawitacji. Zarówno próbki cieczy, jak i ciała stałego mają objętość niemal niezależną od ciśnienia. Gaz przyjmuje zarówno kształt, jak i objętość swojego pojemnika.

Naukowcy odkryli czwarty stan skupienia materii, plazmę, która naturalnie występuje we wnętrzach gwiazd. Plazma to gazowy stan materii, który zawiera znaczną liczbę naładowanych cząsteczek. Obecność tych naładowanych cząsteczek nadaje plazmie unikalne właściwości, które uzasadniają jej klasyfikację jako stanu skupienia odrębnego od gazów. Oprócz gwiazd, plazmy występują w niektórych innych wysokotemperaturowych środowiskach (zarówno naturalnych, jak i produkowanych przez człowieka), takich jak uderzenia piorunów, niektóre ekrany telewizyjne i specjalistyczne instrumenty analityczne używane do wykrywania śladowych ilości metali.

Niektóre próbki materii wydają się posiadać jedną lub więcej właściwości ciał stałych, cieczy i gazów jednocześnie. Może to wystąpić, gdy próbka składa się z wielu małych kawałków. Na przykład możemy wylać piasek jak ciecz, ponieważ składa się z wielu małych ziaren ciał stałych. Materię można również mieć właściwości więcej niż jednego stanu, gdy jest to mieszanka, jak w przypadku chmur. Chmury wydają się zachowywać nieco jak gazy, ale są one mieszaniną powietrza (gazu) i drobnych cząstek wody (cieczy lub ciała stałego).

Różnice w właściwościach ciała stałego, cieczy i gazów odzwierciedlają siłę oddziaływań przyciągających między atomami, cząsteczkami lub jonami, które tworzą każdą fazę. Faza, w której substancja istnieje, zależy od względnych wartości jej sił międzycząsteczkowych (IMF) i energii kinetycznej (KE) cząsteczek. Cząstki w ciele stałym są mocno upakowane i często ułożone w regularny wzór. W cieczy są blisko siebie bez regularnego ułożenia. W gazie są daleko od siebie bez regularnego ułożenia. Cząstki w ciele stałym wibrują wokół ustalonych pozycji i ogólnie nie poruszają się względem siebie. W cieczy poruszają się obok siebie, ale pozostają w stałym kontakcie. W gazie poruszają się niezależnie od siebie, z wyjątkiem momentów kolizji.

Ten tekst jest adaptacją z <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-2-phases-and-classification-of-matter">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter</a> and   <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/10-1-intermolecular-forces">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 10.1: Intermolecular Forces</a>

Stany skupienia materii

Ciała stałe, ciecze i gazy to trzy stany materii powszechnie występujące na Ziemi. Bryła jest sztywna i ma określony kształt. Płynie ciecz i ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia i fizjologia

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Podstawy chemii

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

solids, liquids, gases, and plasma

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes.

Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far apart and do not stay in regular positions.

Plasma is a fourth state of matter. It is a gaseous state that contains many electrically charged particles. Because of these charges, plasma has properties that are different from ordinary gases. Plasma occurs naturally in the interiors of stars and can also be found in lightning strikes, some television screens, and special analytical instruments that detect trace metals.

Some materials can seem to show more than one state at once. Sand can be poured like a liquid because it is made of many small solid grains. Clouds also mix different states, since they contain air as a gas along with tiny water particles that may be liquid or solid.

The state of a substance depends on the balance between intermolecular forces and kinetic energy. Intermolecular forces are the attractions between atoms, molecules, or ions, and kinetic energy is the motion of the particles. In a solid, particles are tightly packed and often arranged in a regular pattern. They vibrate in fixed positions rather than moving past one another. In a liquid, particles stay close together with no regular arrangement. They move past each other while remaining in constant contact. In a gas, particles are far apart, move independently, and only interact when they collide.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

what is matter?

Matter, Mass, and Weight Basics

Matter is the substance that makes up the universe, from a grain of sand to a star. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on gravity. Mass stays the same whether an object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. Weight changes when gravity changes. An object weighs more where gravity is stronger and less where gravity is weaker. A piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth...

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life. These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use. Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how...

atomic structure

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter, and ideas about them go back to the Greek philosopher Democritus. He suggested that everything on Earth is made of atomos, a Greek word meaning "indivisible." That idea later led to the modern word atom. In the 19th century, John Dalton developed an atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He proposed five key ideas. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike, and atoms of different elements are...

chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

Chemical symbols are short abbreviations that stand for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, has the symbol Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom of mercury in the microscopic domain or to a sample labeled as many atoms of mercury in the macroscopic domain. Many symbols come from the element’s common name. Others are shortened from a name in another language. Most chemical symbols use one or two letters. For a few elements with atomic numbers above 112,...

atomic number and mass number

Atomic Identity, Mass, and Isotopes

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atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

Atomic mass and mole calculations help explain how much matter is in atoms and compounds. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass, about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams. Scientists define that mass as one atomic mass unit, or amu, also called one Dalton. Electrons are much lighter than protons. They weigh only 9.11 × 10 -28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. Because of that small mass, electrons do not add much to an element’s overall atomic mass. When chemists calculate atomic mass,...

isotopes and radioisotopes

Radioisotopes in Medicine and Imaging

Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that can be used to study the body and treat disease. An isotope is an atom of the same element that has a different mass because it contains a different number of neutrons. It still has the same number of protons, so it remains chemically identical. English chemist Frederick Soddy explained this idea in the early 1900s and later received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921. Some isotopes have more neutrons than usual and are called heavy isotopes. These...

electron behavior

Electron Shells and Discovery

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells. Subshells describe...

introduction to chemical bonds

How Atoms Bond to Reach Stability

Atoms bond to become more stable, and their outermost electrons play the biggest role in that process. The inner electron shell can hold two electrons. The next two shells can each hold eight electrons. This is called the octet rule. It states that, except for the innermost shell, atoms are most stable when their valence shell, or outer shell, has eight electrons. When atoms do not have enough electrons to fill that outer shell, they form chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the...

ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

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covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonding and DNA Stability

Hydrogen bonding helps explain why some molecules stick together more strongly than others. A hydrogen bond forms when a weakly positive hydrogen atom, already bonded to an electronegative atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom on a nearby polar molecule. Common examples include water, hydrogen fluoride, and ammonia. This attraction happens because hydrogen has a much lower electronegativity than atoms such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The electronegativity difference, along...

ions, molecules, and compounds

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell. Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine...

states of matter

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes. Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far...

colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

Suspensions and colloids are two common kinds of mixtures seen in everyday life. Mud and water, flour and water, and tempera paint are suspensions. These mixtures are heterogeneous, which means their particles are not spread out evenly. The particles are relatively large and can be seen with the naked eye or a magnifying glass. Suspension particles make mixtures cloudy, and they settle out after mixing. The settling of particles in a suspension is called sedimentation. A blood test can measure...

introduction to chemical reactions

Chemical Reaction Basics and Equilibrium

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types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

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Anabolism, Catabolism, and ATP Use

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types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

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Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

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energy transfer in chemical reactions

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

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Chemical Reaction Rates and Catalysts

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

How pH Affects Cells and Digestion

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key terms and concepts

Explore how solids, liquids, gases, and plasma differ, plus how particle motion, intermolecular forces, and kinetic energy shape each state of matter.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Earth and Space Science

SC.912.E.5

SC.912.E.5.2

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.1

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-3.

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

C-PS2-6.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SPS5.

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a ...

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. wave/particle duality;

PH.9.a

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. quantum mechanics and uncertainty;

PH.9.b

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for ...

space-time-curvature-and-the-general-theory-of-relativity

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. relativity;

PH.9.c

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. nuclear physics;

PH.9.d

Molecular and Ionic 
Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their ...

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a ...

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, ...

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

molecular-comparison-of-gases-liquids-and-solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

comparing-intermolecular-forces-melting-point-boiling-point

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...

lattice-centering-and-coordination-number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its ...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is ...

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation&#160;to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest ...

Covalent Bonds

When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells they create a covalent bond. An atom&#x2019;s electronegativity&#x2014;the force with ...

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions ...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. solid state physics;

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

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