Name: chemical energy and reaction types
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.4.1

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Wszystkie wiązania chemiczne zawierają zmagazynowaną energię chemiczną, która jest uwalniana, gdy wiązania są zrywane podczas reakcji chemicznej.
Jeśli ogólne reakcje powodują uwolnienie energii netto, nazywa się je reakcjami egzergonicznymi, a te, które pochłaniają więcej energii niż uwalniają, nazywane są endergonicznymi.
W metabolizmie reakcje egzergoniczne i endergoniczne są zwykle sprzężone, tak że energia uwolniona w jednej reakcji może być wykorzystana do zasilania drugiej.
Całkowita energia obecna przed i po reakcji jest zachowana, ale może zostać przekształcona z jednej formy energii w inną.
Na przykład energia chemiczna przechwycona w wiązaniach kowalencyjnych ATP może zostać przekształcona w energię mechaniczną, aby napędzać ruchy mięśni lub w energię elektryczną w celu przekazywania impulsów nerwowych przez ciało.
Ale konwersje energii są zwykle nieefektywne, a część energii jest uwalniana w postaci ciepła, na przykład podczas konwersji energii chemicznej z baterii na światło.
U ssaków ciepło wytwarzane przez aktywność metaboliczną pomaga w utrzymaniu prawidłowej temperatury ciała.

transfer energetyczny w reakcjach chemicznych

Reakcje chemiczne wymagają dostarczenia wystarczającej ilości energii, aby skłonić materię do kolizji z odpowiednią precyzją i siłą, co umożliwia złamanie istniejących wiązań chemicznych i utworzenie nowych. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, energia kinetyczna stanowi formę energii napędzającej wszelkiego rodzaju materię w ruchu. Można sobie to wyobrazić na przykładzie osoby budującej mur z cegieł. Energia potrzebna do podniesienia i umieszczenia jednej cegły na drugiej to energia kinetyczna - energia, którą materia posiada ze względu na swój ruch. Gdy mur jest już na swoim miejscu, przechowuje on energię potencjalną. Energia potencjalna to energia pozycji lub energia, którą materia posiada ze względu na rozmieszczenie lub strukturę jej składników. Jeśli mur z cegieł zawali się, zgromadzona energia potencjalna zostanie uwolniona jako energia kinetyczna, gdy cegły spadną.

Energia chemiczna stanowi formę energii potencjalnej, w której energia jest przechowywana w wiązaniach chemicznych. Podczas tworzenia tych wiązań inwestowana jest energia chemiczna, a energia ta jest uwalniana podczas ich rozerwania. Warto zauważyć, że energia chemiczna, podobnie jak każda inna forma energii, nie jest ani tworzona, ani niszczona; jest przekształcana z jednej formy na inną.

Reakcje chemiczne, które uwalniają więcej energii niż wchłaniają, określane są jako egzergoniczne. Przykładem egzergonicznej reakcji jest katabolizm jedzenia. Energia chemiczna przechowywana w jedzeniu jest wchłaniana jako paliwo dla naszego ciała, a jednocześnie uwalniana jest energia, tak jak ciepło. W przeciwieństwie do tego, reakcje chemiczne, które wchłaniają więcej energii niż uwalniają, są endoergoniczne. Te reakcje wymagają dostarczenia energii, a wynikająca z nich cząsteczka przechowuje energię chemiczną w swoich pierwotnych składnikach oraz energię, która napędzała reakcję. Ponieważ energia nie jest ani tworzona, ani niszczona, energia potrzebna do reakcji endoergicznych pochodzi z reakcji egzergonicznych w wielu przypadkach.

Oprócz energii chemicznej, istotne są również energie mechaniczna, promienista i elektryczna w funkcjonowaniu organizmu człowieka.

<ol style="list-style-type: disc;">
	<li>Energia mechaniczna, przechowywana w układach fizycznych, takich jak maszyny, silniki lub ludzkie ciało, bezpośrednio napędza ruch materii. Gdy podnosisz cegłę i umieszczasz ją na murze, twoje mięśnie dostarczają energię mechaniczną, która porusza cegłą.</li>
	<li>Energia promienista to energia emitowana i transmitowana jako fale, a nie jako materia. Te fale różnią się od długich fal radiowych i mikrofal po krótkie fale gamma emitowane przez rozpadające się jądra atomowe. Pełne spektrum energii promienistej nazywane jest spektrum elektromagnetycznym. Ludzkie ciało wykorzystuje energię ultradźwiękową pochodzącą ze słońca do przekształcania związku w komórkach skóry w witaminę D. Oko człowieka ewoluowało w celu postrzegania długości fal, które składają się na kolory tęczy, od czerwieni do fioletu, dlatego ten zakres w spektrum nazywany jest "światłem widzialnym".</li>
	<li>Energia elektryczna, dostarczana przez elektrolity w komórkach i płynach ustrojowych, przyczynia się do zmian napięcia, które pomaga w przekazywaniu impulsów w komórkach nerwowych i mięśniowych.</li>
</ol>

Ten tekst jest adaptacją z <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-3-chemical-reactions">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.3:Chemical Reactions</a>.

Transfer energetyczny w reakcjach chemicznych

Reakcje chemiczne wymagają wystarczającej energii, aby spowodować zderzenie materii z wystarczającą precyzją i siłą, aby stare wiązania chemiczne mogły zostać zerwane i nowe ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia i fizjologia

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Podstawy chemii

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

chemical energy and reaction types

Chemical reactions depend on energy transfer, chemical bonds, and the way matter collides. A reaction needs enough energy for particles to meet with the right force and precision. That energy can break old bonds and help form new ones.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A person lifting a brick uses kinetic energy to move the brick into place on a wall. Once the wall is built, it stores potential energy, which is the energy of position or structure. If the wall falls, that stored energy becomes kinetic energy as the bricks move downward.

Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds. Energy is invested when bonds form, and energy is released when bonds break. Like other energy forms, chemical energy is not created or destroyed. It is converted from one form to another.

Some chemical reactions release more energy than they absorb. These are exergonic reactions. The breakdown of food is one example. Food stores chemical energy, and when the body uses that fuel, some energy is released as heat.

Other reactions absorb more energy than they release. These are endergonic reactions. They need an energy input, and the new molecule stores both the chemical energy from the original parts and the energy that powered the reaction. In many cases, the energy needed for endergonic reactions comes from exergonic reactions.

Mechanical, radiant, and electrical energy also play important roles in human functioning. Mechanical energy powers movement, such as when muscles lift a brick. Radiant energy travels as waves and includes the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves and microwaves to gamma waves. The body uses ultraviolet light from sunlight to help make vitamin D, and visible light is the range the eye sees as rainbow colors from red to violet. Electrical energy, supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids, helps create voltage changes that carry impulses in nerve and muscle cells.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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chemical symbols

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isotopes and radioisotopes

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colloids and suspensions

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types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

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energy transfer in chemical reactions

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

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key terms and concepts

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Chemical Energy and Reaction Types | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Physics

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Motion and Stability- Forces and Interactions

PS.Phy.4.3

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

3.2.9-12.R

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.M

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.X

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

HS-PS1-5

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-5

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Energy And Waves

Electricity

Electricity And Magnetism

DC circuits

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CHEM1.PS3.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.5

PS.5.b

PS.9

PS.9.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9C.2.2.1.1

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U1.8

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions: Energy

9-12.C.3.3.c

9-12.P.2.6.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Matter and Its Interactions

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.A

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-3

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

P-PS4-4

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS7.

Types of Energy

SC2.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Scientific Laws and Theories

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Classifying Matter by Composition

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Subatomic Particles

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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

PS.Chm.1.1

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

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Nuclear Fission

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Nuclear Fusion

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Nuclear Transmutation

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Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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