Name: how plants maximize sunlight capture
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:41.494Z
Duration: 2 min 51 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.K

Light Acquisition

As plantas exibem uma diversidade impressionante em forma de folha, tamanho, e orienta&#xE7;&#xE3;o. As folhas ornamentais do ruibarbo Gunnera manicata crescem horizontalmente, abrangendo at&#xE9; 2, 5 metros por 4 metros, enquanto algumas gram&#xED;neas crescem curtas l&#xE2;minas verticais em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao solo. Por que existe tanta variedade na arquitetura foliar?A luz solar &#xE9; essencial para a forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de glicose durante a fotoss&#xED;ntese. Portanto, as plantas precisam capturar a luz do sol com efici&#xEA;ncia para crescer. As folhas s&#xE3;o estruturas especializadas da planta, embaladas com muitas c&#xE9;lulas contendo cloroplasto que capturam a luz solar.Em geral, folhas maiores em plantas mais altas capturam mais energia luminosa. No entanto, folhas grandes perdem mais &#xE1;gua pela evapora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e aumentam as demandas gerais de &#xE1;gua. Enquanto as plantas mais altas enfrentam menos competi&#xE7;&#xE3;o pela luz, elas exigem ra&#xED;zes mais substanciais e adapta&#xE7;&#xF5;es para transportar &#xE1;gua em longas dist&#xE2;ncias.As folhas grandes s&#xE3;o comuns em ambientes h&#xFA;midos;por exemplo, o ruibarbo gigante &#xE9; nativo de &#xE1;reas h&#xFA;midas montanhosas do Brasil. Em contraste, as plantas que vivem em ambientes &#xE1;ridos desenvolveram estrat&#xE9;gias para reduzir sua perda de &#xE1;gua tanto quanto poss&#xED;vel &#xC9; por isso que as folhas de plantas do deserto, como o creosoto s&#xE3;o relativamente pequenas, apresentando uma &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie menor. A filotaxia ou arranjo de folhas no caule de uma planta, ajuda a otimizar a captura de luz.Em angiospermas, as folhas s&#xE3;o frequentemente organizadas em uma das tr&#xEA;s maneiras:espiral, alternada ou oposta. A efici&#xEA;ncia da captura de luz pode ser estimada determinando o &#xED;ndice de &#xE1;rea foliar. O &#xED;ndice de &#xE1;rea foliar &#xE9; a &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie de todas as folhas em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o a &#xE1;rea do solo sob a planta.Plantas com &#xE1;rea foliar com &#xED;ndices de cerca de 7 demonstram captura de luz eficiente;folhas adicionais e &#xED;ndices mais altos resultam em sombreamento e podam as folhas inferiores. A morfologia e tamanho da folha s&#xE3;o moldados pelas press&#xF5;es seletivas impostas pelo meio ambiente e pela hist&#xF3;ria evolutiva &#xFA;nica da planta, resultando na diversidade de estruturas foliares que capturam a luz do sol com efici&#xEA;ncia e conduzem a fotoss&#xED;ntese.

Traas, J. Filotaxia. Desenvolvimento. 15 de janeiro de 2013; 140(2):249-53. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250202" target="_blank">Fonte</a>]

Blancon, J. et al. Um método assistido por modelo de alto rendimento para fenotipagem da dinâmica do índice de área foliar verde de milho usando imagens de veículos aéreos não tripulados. Planta Frontal Sci. 6 de junho de 2019;10:685. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31231403" target="_blank">Fonte</a>]

aquisição de luz

Para produzir glicose, as plantas precisam captar energia de luz suficiente. Muitas plantas atuais evolu&#xED;ram folhas especializadas para aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de luz. As folhas podem ter apenas mil&#xED;metros de largura ou dezenas de metros de largura, dependendo do ambiente. Devido &#xE0; concorr&#xEA;ncia pela luz solar, a evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o tem impulsionado a evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de folhas cada vez maiores e plantas mais altas, para evitar sombreamento pelos seus vizinhos com elabora&#xE7;&#xE3;o contaminante da arquitetura radicular e mecanismos para o transporte de &#xE1;gua e nutrientes.
 
 Como folhas maiores s&#xE3;o mais suscept&#xED;veis &#xE0; perda de &#xE1;gua, as maiores folhas s&#xE3;o tipicamente encontradas em plantas onde as chuvas s&#xE3;o abundantes. Nos ambientes mais secos, cloroplastos de suculentas est&#xE3;o localizados no caule da planta, minimizando a evapora&#xE7;&#xE3;o. A orienta&#xE7;&#xE3;o das folhas em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao sol tamb&#xE9;m pode influenciar a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de luz. Em ambientes excepcionalmente ensolarados, as folhas orientadas horizontalmente s&#xE3;o suscept&#xED;veis &#xE0; desidrata&#xE7;&#xE3;o excessiva. Nesses ambientes, como os de pastagens, as folhas podem orientar-se verticalmente para capturar a luz quando o sol est&#xE1; mais baixo no c&#xE9;u, reduzindo assim os danos solares.
 
 A capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o da luz tamb&#xE9;m pode ser optimizada pelo posicionamento das folhas de plantas em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao caule; o arranjo de folhas em um caule &#xE9; chamado de filotaxia. Filotaxia alterna descreve o cen&#xE1;rio em que uma &#xFA;nica folha emerge de uma &#xFA;nica posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o no caule. Algumas plantas demonstram filotaxia oposta, na qual duas folhas emergem em dire&#xE7;&#xF5;es opostas a partir do mesmo local. Filotaxia espiralada &#xE9; quando v&#xE1;rias folhas emergem do mesmo ponto em um caule. A hormona vegetal auxina controla o padr&#xE3;o em que as folhas emergem do caule da planta.
 
 O &#xCD;ndice de &#xC1;rea da Folha (LAI) &#xE9; uma representa&#xE7;&#xE3;o da efici&#xEA;ncia de captura de luz. Medindo a &#xE1;rea de superf&#xED;cie horizontal unilateral das folhas em uma planta e dividindo-a pela &#xE1;rea horizontal do solo que a planta cobre, &#xE9; gerado um &#xED;ndice. Normalmente, um LAI mais alto indica uma captura de luz mais eficiente. No entanto, um LAI maior que sete parece causar sombreamento e poda de folhas mais baixas, n&#xE3;o tendo nenhum efeito adicional na aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de luz. Na pr&#xE1;tica, a medi&#xE7;&#xE3;o do LAI &#xE9; frequentemente realizada atrav&#xE9;s de imagens de sat&#xE9;lite e &#xE9; usada para medir a produtividade de um ecossistema.

Aquisição de Luz

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estrutura, Crescimento e Nutrição das Plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

how plants maximize sunlight capture

Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment.

Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems that can support water and nutrient transport to the rest of the plant. Large leaves are more likely to lose water, so the biggest leaves are usually found where rainfall is plentiful.

In very dry environments, some succulents place their chloroplasts in the stem instead of the leaves. This arrangement helps reduce evaporation. Leaf position also matters. In very sunny places, flat horizontal leaves can dry out too much. In grasslands and similar environments, leaves may grow vertically so they can catch light when the sun is low and reduce sun damage.

The arrangement of leaves on a stem is called phyllotaxy. In alternate phyllotaxy, one leaf emerges from each stem position. In opposite phyllotaxy, two leaves grow from the same point in opposite directions. In whorled phyllotaxy, several leaves emerge from one point. The plant hormone auxin helps control this leaf pattern.

Scientists also use the Leaf Area Index, or LAI, to estimate light capture efficiency. LAI is the one-sided, horizontal leaf area of a plant divided by the horizontal ground area it covers. A higher LAI usually means better light capture. However, when LAI rises above about seven, lower leaves can become shaded and pruned, so extra leaf area does not improve light capture further. LAI is often measured with satellite imaging and helps researchers estimate ecosystem productivity.

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems...

water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Explore how plants capture sunlight through leaf size, leaf angle, phyllotaxy, and Leaf Area Index. Learn how these traits affect growth and ecosystem productivity.

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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A coleção JoVE Core dá vida à biologia através de mais de 300 vídeos de animação concisos e fáceis de entender que explicam conceitos-chave de biologia, além de mais de 150 vídeos de Cientistas em ação que mostram experimentos reais em pesquisa realizados nos laboratórios atualmente.

Florida Department of Education

High School

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

B-LS2-5.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography and Floating Leaf Discs in a Vacuum
ExpandOn the day before the experiment, fill a container with water.
Place the spinach ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment you will separate pigments from spinach leaves using chromatography paper. Individual pigments ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific biochemical steps.

3.1.9-12.E

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the ...

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid&#39;s carboxyl group and another amino acid&#39;s amino ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Energy Dynamics

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the details of specific chemical reactions or identification of macromolecules.

3.1.9-12.F

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts &#34;food energy&#34; (from the ...

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis ...

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces ...

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler ...

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure ...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary ...

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many ...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment should not include identification of the steps or specific processes involved in cellular respiration.

3.1.9-12.G

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

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