Name: how guard cells open plant stomata
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:56.906Z
Duration: 2 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

As plantas requerem di&#xF3;xido de carbono abundante da atmosfera para realizar fotoss&#xED;ntese. As superf&#xED;cies das folhas das plantas cont&#xEA;m aberturas que facilitam a troca de g&#xE1;s. Estas aberturas s&#xE3;o chamado estomas.A luz solar ativa a abertura dos estomas, permitindo a introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de di&#xF3;xido de carbono na folha quando &#xE9; necess&#xE1;rio para a fotoss&#xED;ntese. O oxig&#xE9;nio &#xE9; um subproduto da fotoss&#xED;ntese e escapa para a atmosfera atrav&#xE9;s dos estomas. Um par de c&#xE9;lulas de guarda regula cada abertura estom&#xE1;tica.Estas c&#xE9;lulas especializadas incham quando elas pegam &#xE1;gua de c&#xE9;lulas vizinhas via osmose, criando uma abertura que permite a troca gasosa. Quando a &#xE1;gua sai as c&#xE9;lulas de prote&#xE7;&#xE3;o, Encolhem e o estoma se fecha. A concentra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de i&#xF5;es influencia a quantidade de &#xE1;gua nas c&#xE9;lulas de guarda.A luz solar estimula as c&#xE9;lulas de prote&#xE7;&#xE3;o a absorverem i&#xF5;es de pot&#xE1;ssio. O aumento na concentra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pot&#xE1;ssio conduz a &#xE1;gua para as c&#xE9;lulas, abrindo assim o estoma. Quando o pot&#xE1;ssio deixa as c&#xE9;lulas de guarda, a &#xE1;gua segue atrav&#xE9;s da osmose.As agora as fl&#xE1;cidas c&#xE9;lulas de guarda, fecham o estoma. Enquanto estomas abertos facilitam a troca gasosa, eles tamb&#xE9;m permitem que a &#xE1;gua escape das folhas atrav&#xE9;s da evapora&#xE7;&#xE3;o. A perda de &#xE1;gua evaporativa ou transpira&#xE7;&#xE3;o permite o movimento de longa dist&#xE2;ncia da &#xE1;gua atrav&#xE9;s da planta.A transpira&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; normalmente maior em dias quentes e ensolarados. No entanto, se uma planta n&#xE3;o pode adquirir &#xE1;gua suficiente, os seus estomas ir&#xE3;o se fechar rapidamente para evitar a murchid&#xE3;o. Curiosamente, mesmo se mantidas no escuro, as plantas v&#xE3;o abrir e fechar os estomas Em um ciclo regular de 24 horas, devido a um rel&#xF3;gio interno.A abertura e o fechamento dos estomas est&#xE3;o bem regulados, permitindo que as plantas respondam a condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es ambientais espec&#xED;ficas. Em sua fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o como guardi&#xF5;es, os estomas equilibram com efici&#xEA;ncia as trocas de g&#xE1;s e a transpira&#xE7;&#xE3;o.

Daszkowska-Golec, Agata e Iwona Szarejko. "Abra ou feche o portão - ação dos estômatos sob o controle de fitohormônios em condições de estresse hídrico." Fronteiras em Ciência das Plantas 4 (2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00138" target="_blank">Fonte</a>]

Inoue, Shin-ichiro e Toshinori Kinoshita. "Regulação da luz azul da abertura estomática e da membrana plasmática H+-ATPase1 [OPEN]." Fisiologia Vegetal 174, nº 2 (junho de 2017): 531–38. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462062/" target="_blank">Source</a>].

regulação da transpiração por estomas

Durante a fotoss&#xED;ntese, as plantas obt&#xEA;m o di&#xF3;xido de carbono necess&#xE1;rio e libertam o oxig&#xE9;nio produzido de volta para a atmosfera. Aberturas na epiderme das folhas de plantas s&#xE3;o o local dessa troca de gases. Uma &#xFA;nica abertura &#xE9; chamada de estoma&#x2014;derivado da palavra grega para &#x201C;boca&#x201D;. Os estomas abrem e fecham em resposta a uma variedade de sinais ambientais.
 
 Cada estoma est&#xE1; flanqueado por duas c&#xE9;lulas-guarda especializadas que criam uma abertura quando essas c&#xE9;lulas incorporam &#xE1;gua. O transporte de i&#xF5;es regula a quantidade de &#xE1;gua em c&#xE9;lulas-guarda. Quando acionadas, bombas translocam i&#xF5;es de hidrog&#xE9;nio para fora das c&#xE9;lulas-guarda. Essa hiperpolariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o da membrana faz com que os canais de pot&#xE1;ssio dependentes de voltagem se abram e permitam que os solutos, como i&#xF5;es de pot&#xE1;ssio e sacarose, entrem nas c&#xE9;lulas-guarda. O aumento da concentra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de solutos leva &#xE1;gua para as c&#xE9;lulas-guarda, que se acumula no vac&#xFA;olo. Como resultado, as c&#xE9;lulas-guarda curvam-se e deformam-se em forma renal, originando a abertura do estoma. Quando os solutos deixam as c&#xE9;lulas-guarda, a &#xE1;gua segue, resultando em um encolhimento das c&#xE9;lulas-guarda, e fecho da abertura.
 
 Uma variedade de sinais ambientais e internos desencadeia a abertura de estomas. Por exemplo, a luz azul ativa receptores sens&#xED;veis &#xE0; luz na superf&#xED;cie celular que iniciam uma cascata molecular que leva &#xE0; abertura de estomas. Al&#xE9;m disso, quando a concentra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de di&#xF3;xido de carbono cai dentro do tecido da folha, a abertura de estomas &#xE9; induzida para que as c&#xE9;lulas possam ter acesso a esse reagente cr&#xED;tico da fotoss&#xED;ntese.
 
 A perda de vapor de &#xE1;gua &#xE9; fundamental para o estabelecimento de atra&#xE7;&#xE3;o transpiracional: a &#xE1;gua evapora na superf&#xED;cie das c&#xE9;lulas de mes&#xF3;filo e escapa para a atmosfera atrav&#xE9;s de estomas abertos. A perda de &#xE1;gua cria uma atra&#xE7;&#xE3;o transpiracional que puxa &#xE1;gua adicional do solo para as ra&#xED;zes e todo o caminho para as folhas.
 
 Quando n&#xE3;o h&#xE1; &#xE1;gua suficiente, como em condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es de seca, os estomas fecham. A hormona &#xE1;cido absc&#xED;sico (ABA) &#xE9; importante nesse processo, ligando-se a receptores nas membranas de c&#xE9;lulas-guarda e aumentando a concentra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de soluto intracelular. A ABA tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; importante no controlo circadiano da abertura de estomas, fazendo com que mais estomas sejam abertos &#xE0; luz do dia, e fechados no escuro.

Regulação da Transpiração por Estomas

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estrutura, Crescimento e Nutrição das Plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

how guard cells open plant stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air.

Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the guard cell. This changes the membrane voltage and opens voltage-gated potassium channels. Potassium ions and sucrose then enter the guard cells. As solute levels rise, water moves in and collects in the vacuole. The guard cells swell, bend, and take on a kidney shape, which opens the stoma.

Stomata also close when solutes leave the guard cells. Water follows the solutes out, so the guard cells shrink and the opening closes. Blue light can start this process of opening. Light-sensitive receptors on the cell surface begin a molecular cascade. Low carbon dioxide inside the leaf can also trigger opening so cells can keep using this key photosynthesis reactant.

Water loss through open stomata helps create transpirational pull. Water evaporates from the surface of mesophyll cells and escapes into the atmosphere through the stomata. This pull draws more water from the soil, through the roots, and up into the leaves. When water is scarce, such as during drought, stomata close. The hormone abscisic acid, or ABA, helps drive this response by binding to receptors on guard cell membranes and increasing intracellular solute concentration. ABA also supports circadian control, so more stomata are open in daylight and closed in the dark.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

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light acquisition

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water and mineral acquisition

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short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

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the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Explore how guard cells control stomata, gas exchange, and transpiration in leaves. Learn how light, CO2, and ABA affect opening and closing.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata | JoVE K12

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A coleção JoVE Core dá vida à biologia através de mais de 300 vídeos de animação concisos e fáceis de entender que explicam conceitos-chave de biologia, além de mais de 150 vídeos de Cientistas em ação que mostram experimentos reais em pesquisa realizados nos laboratórios atualmente.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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SC.912.L.14.4

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How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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