Name: plant water transport pathways
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:31.373Z
Duration: 2 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

The Apoplast and Symplast

As plantas absorvem &#xE1;gua e minerais dissolvidos do solo e transportam esses recursos para tecidos distantes. Os recursos entram e se movem em dois compartimentos distintos:o apoplasto e o simplasto. O apoplasto &#xE9; um sistema cont&#xED;nuo de espa&#xE7;os extracelulares, como paredes celulares e espa&#xE7;os de ar entre as c&#xE9;lulas.&#xC1;gua, gases e minerais movem-se livremente e passivamente atrav&#xE9;s do apoplasto sem atravessar as membranas plasm&#xE1;ticas. As c&#xE9;lulas vegetais tamb&#xE9;m podem excretar prot&#xF5;es em excesso no apoplasto devido a mudan&#xE7;as no pH. Al&#xE9;m disso, produtos qu&#xED;micos que entram no apoplasto na raiz pode desencadear a secre&#xE7;&#xE3;o de mol&#xE9;culas que ligam e excretam toxinas.O citoplasma das c&#xE9;lulas vegetais forma outro sistema cont&#xED;nuo, chamado de simplasto. C&#xE9;lulas de plantas vizinhas est&#xE3;o conectadas por canais que permitem &#xE1;gua e pequenas mol&#xE9;culas se movam de uma c&#xE9;lula para a pr&#xF3;xima. O continuum de c&#xE9;lulas vegetais interconectadas facilita o transporte de mol&#xE9;culas de sinal, como horm&#xF4;nios.Por exemplo, o horm&#xF4;nio citocinina move-se livremente atrav&#xE9;s do simplasto para regular a prolifera&#xE7;&#xE3;o celular. O simplasto tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; um condu&#xED;te para pequenos RNAs, que ativam respostas de defesa contra pat&#xF3;genos de plantas. Os recursos geralmente viajam em ambos os caminhos apopl&#xE1;stico e simpl&#xE1;stico dentro da planta.Por exemplo, minerais que s&#xE3;o tomados pelas ra&#xED;zes devem cruzar seletivamente a membrana perme&#xE1;vel pelo menos uma vez para que possam deixar a raiz e viajar para outros tecidos vegetais.

Martinoia, Enrico, Agnes Massonneau e Nathalie Frangne. "Processos de transporte de solutos através da membrana vacuolar de plantas superiores." Fisiologia Vegetal e Celular 41, nº 11 (2000): 1175-1186. [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/41/11/1175/1861104">Fonte</a>]

o apoplasto e o simplasto

O crescimento das plantas depende da sua capacidade de captar &#xE1;gua e minerais dissolvidos no solo. O sistema radicular de cada planta est&#xE1; equipado com os tecidos necess&#xE1;rios para facilitar a entrada de &#xE1;gua e solutos. Os tecidos vegetais envolvidos no transporte de &#xE1;gua e minerais t&#xEA;m dois compartimentos principais - o apoplasto e o simplasto. O apoplasto inclui tudo fora da membrana plasm&#xE1;tica das c&#xE9;lulas vivas e consiste em paredes celulares, espa&#xE7;os extracelulares, xilema, floema e traque&#xED;deos. O simplasto, em contraste, consiste em todo o citosol de todas as c&#xE9;lulas vegetais vivas e os plasmodesmos - que s&#xE3;o os canais citoplasm&#xE1;ticos que interconectam as c&#xE9;lulas.
 
 Existem v&#xE1;rias vias potenciais para que as mol&#xE9;culas se movam atrav&#xE9;s dos tecidos vegetais: as vias apopl&#xE1;sticas, simpl&#xE1;sticas ou transmembranares. A via apopl&#xE1;stica envolve o movimento da &#xE1;gua e minerais dissolvidos ao longo de paredes celulares e espa&#xE7;os extracelulares. Na via simpl&#xE1;stica, &#xE1;gua e solutos movem-se ao longo do citosol. Uma vez nessa via, os materiais precisam atravessar a membrana plasm&#xE1;tica movendo-se de uma c&#xE9;lula para a c&#xE9;lula vizinha, e eles fazem isso atrav&#xE9;s dos plasmodesmos. Alternativamente, na via transmembranar, os minerais dissolvidos e a &#xE1;gua movem-se de c&#xE9;lula em c&#xE9;lula atravessando a parede celular para sair de uma c&#xE9;lula e entrar na seguinte. Estas tr&#xEA;s vias n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o mutualmente exclusivas, e alguns solutos podem usar mais de uma via em diferentes n&#xED;veis.
 
 Outra via potencial &#xE9; a via vacuolar, mas essa via &#xE9; restrita principalmente ao movimento da mol&#xE9;cula de &#xE1;gua. Aqui, a &#xE1;gua move-se atrav&#xE9;s dos vac&#xFA;olos das c&#xE9;lulas vegetais atrav&#xE9;s da osmose. O mecanismo &#xE9; semelhante &#xE0; via simpl&#xE1;stica, mas em vez de o transporte ser limitado ao citosol, a &#xE1;gua passa pelos vac&#xFA;olos. Al&#xE9;m disso, o transporte vacuolar &#xE9; facilitado por duas bombas de prot&#xF5;es - ATPase e PPase - que fornecem energia para a capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de soluto. Os vac&#xFA;olos tamb&#xE9;m s&#xE3;o compostos por prote&#xED;nas de transporte especializadas - as aquaporinas - que participam do transporte de &#xE1;gua e solutos como glicose e sacarose.

O Apoplasto e o Simplasto

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estrutura, Crescimento e Nutrição das Plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

plant water transport pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast.

The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that connect one cell to the next.

Water and solutes can move through plants by the apoplastic, symplastic, or transmembrane pathway. In the apoplastic pathway, materials travel along cell walls and extracellular spaces. In the symplastic route, they move through the cytosol and pass between neighboring cells through plasmodesmata.

The transmembrane pathway moves dissolved minerals and water from cell to cell by crossing the cell wall as they leave one cell and enter the next. These pathways are not mutually exclusive, and some solutes may use more than one route to different degrees. A fourth option, the vacuolar pathway, is mostly used for water movement.

In the vacuolar pathway, water moves through plant cell vacuoles by osmosis. This route works in a way that is similar to the symplastic pathway, but the water passes through vacuoles instead of staying limited to the cytosol. Vacuolar transport is supported by two proton pumps, ATPase and PPase, and by aquaporins, which are specialized transport proteins that help move water and solutes such as glucose and sucrose.

Plant Water Transport Pathways

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

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morphogenesis

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water and mineral acquisition

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short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

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regulation of transpiration by stomata

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adaptations that reduce water loss

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phloem and sugar transport

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

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epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

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the apoplast and symplast

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plants move water and minerals through the apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route, and vacuolar pathway in roots and cells.

Plant Water Transport Pathways | JoVE K12

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Plant Water Transport Pathways

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