15.14:
Forced Oscillations
Consider four pendulums tied to a string and suspended from a rigid support. Let the lengths of pendulum A and C be identical while pendulum B and D have different lengths.
When pendulum A is displaced, it undergoes free oscillation with a natural frequency. The natural frequency is the frequency at which the pendulum oscillates naturally in the absence of any damping or driving force.
The energy from pendulum A is transferred to the other pendulums forcing them to oscillate with a driving frequency. These resulting oscillations due to the external driving force exerted by pendulum A are known as forced oscillations.
The driving force acting on the pendulums can be represented by the periodically varying force with amplitude F0 and the driving angular frequency.
By adding the obtained driving force to the force equations of the damped harmonic oscillator, the forced oscillator's equation of motion is obtained.
15.14:
Forced Oscillations
When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.
Using the equations of force and motion, the amplitude of the driven oscillator is obtained. It depends on the natural and driving frequency.
In the equation for amplitude, when the driving frequency is much smaller (or much larger) than the natural frequency, the square of the difference of the two angular frequencies is positive and large, resulting in a small amplitude for the oscillations of the mass. As the frequency of the driving force approaches the natural frequency of the system, the amplitude of the oscillations increases. When the frequency of the driving force equals the natural frequency of the system, this results in maximum amplitude.
Let's consider a real-life example. Most of us have played with toys involving an object supported on an elastic band, like a paddle ball suspended from a finger. At first, when the finger is held steady, the ball bounces up and down with a small amount of damping. If the finger is moved up and down slowly, the ball follows along without bouncing much on its own. As the frequency at which the finger moves up and down increases, the ball responds by oscillating with increasing amplitude. When the ball is driven at its natural frequency, the ball’s oscillations increase in amplitude with each oscillation for as long as it is driven.
The phenomenon of driving a system with a frequency equal to its natural frequency is called resonance. A system that is being driven at its natural frequency is said to resonate. As the driving frequency gets progressively higher than the resonant or natural frequency, the amplitude of the oscillations becomes smaller until the oscillations nearly disappear and the finger simply moves up and down with little effect on the ball.
This text is adapted from Openstax, College Physics, Section 16.8: Forced Oscillations and Resonance and Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Section 15.5: Forced Oscillations.