An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

Abstract

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, especially cells in suspension such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), remains limited due to the requirement of a high cell number during sample preparation. There are a few cytospin or monolayer approaches for TEM analysis from scarce samples, but these approaches fail to get significant quantitative data from the limited number of cells. Here, an alternative and novel approach for sample preparation in TEM studies is described for rare cell populations that enables quantitative analysis.

A relatively low cell number, i.e., 10,000 HSCs, was successfully used for TEM analysis compared to the millions of cells typically used for TEM studies. In particular, Evans blue staining was performed after paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (PFA-GA) fixation to visualize the tiny cell pellet, which facilitated embedding in agarose. Clusters of numerous cells were observed in ultra-thin sections. The cells had a well preserved morphology, and the ultra-structural details of the Golgi complex and several mitochondria were visible. This efficient, easy and reproducible protocol allows sample preparation from a low cell number and can be used for qualitative and quantitative TEM analysis on rare cell populations from limited biological samples.

Introduction

Ultra-structural and sub-organelle details of cells have been mainly revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies from tissues or cell pellets^1,2. Solid pieces of tissues can be easily utilized for electron microscopy studies. However, TEM analyses^1,3 on cells in suspension remain challenging and necessitate high cell numbers, i.e., millions of cells. Because of this, ultra-structural analyses of rare cell populations in suspension, e.g., hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), are not easily assessed. Multiple attempts for TEM analysis from scarce samples using cytospin or monolayer approaches fail to get significant qua....

Protocol

All experimental procedures were approved by the institutional animal committee at the Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation. For this study, hematopoietic stem cells were isolated from the bone marrow of C57Bl/6 inbred mice aged 2 - 4 months. Cell sorting using FACS after staining of BM with different surface makers including Lineage, c-Kit, Sca-1, Flt3 and CD34 was used for purification of HSC based on Lin- Sca-1⁺ c-Kit⁺ Flt3^- CD34^- gating strategy as standard protocol described before⁸.

CAUTION: Several highly toxic chemicals are used during this procedure. T....

Results

An efficient and consistent protocol for sample preparation to perform TEM analysis from low number of cells is described. Post-fixation staining with Evans blue and the transfer of cells to a 0.5 ml microcentrifuge tube helped visualize the tiny cell pellet⁷. Osmification with osmium tetraoxide in agarose led to an easy detection of the dark cell pellet during the dehydration and embedding.

Semi-thin sections from th.......

Discussion

This method enables TEM analysis on low cell numbers, by using Evans blue staining and agarose embedding to localize a tiny cell pellet during the dehydration, resin embedding and sectioning processes. Importantly, it maintains cell clusters together and preserves the cell ultra-structure, which is desirable to examine multiple cells for quantification of data.

In TEM studies, a cell pellet containing millions of cells is often required for efficient embedment into an agarose/gelatin matrix an.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Paraformaldehyde 20% Aqueous Soln	Electron microscopy Sciences	15713	CAUTION Toxic via inhalation, skin contact. Wear gloves, use fume hood.
Gluteraldehyde 70% Aqueous Soln	Electron microscopy Sciences	16350	CAUTION Toxic via inhalation, skin contact. Wear gloves, use fume hood.
Cacodyladate buffer	Electron microscopy Sciences	12300	Make 0.1 M Cacodyladate buffer (pH 7.4) in distilled water, store at 4 °C. CAUTION Irritant by inhalation or skin contact, wear gloves and work in fume hood.
Evans Blue	Sigma	E-2129
Low melting agarose	Sigma Aldrich	A-5030
Osmium tetraoxide	Electron microscopy Sciences	19130	1 g in 50 ml of 0.1 M cacodyladate buffer to make 2% OsO4 stock, CAUTION Very toxic by inhalation or skin contact, strong oxidizer, wear protective clothing, eye protection, use fume hood.
LX-112 Embedding Kits (LADD®)
DDSA (Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride)	LADD	21340	Mix 16% DDSA; 30% NMA; 54% LX-112 together and then add 1.4% DMP-30
NMA (Nadic methyl anhydride)	LADD	21350
Epoxy Resins Epon 812 (LX-112)	LADD	21310	CAUTION Toxic by inhalation, skin contact. Wear gloves, protective clothing, use fume hood.
DMP-30 (2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol)	LADD	21370
Reynolds lead citrate (EM Stain II)	Leica		CAUTION Toxic by inhalation, avoid contact with skin or eyes.
Uranyl acetate (EM Stain I)	Leica	8072820	CAUTION Toxic by inhalation, avoid contact with skin or eyes.
Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM)	ATCC	30-2005	composition: NaCl, NaHCO3, HEPES, Glucose, Ca, Mg, sod pyruvate etc. For details https://www.atcc.org/~/media/Attachments/E/9/7/E/4893.ashx
Pyramid tip mold	Ted Pella	10585
mounting cylinders	Ted Pella	10580
Ultra-microtome	(Leica EM UC7)
200 mesh grids (nikil)	Electron microscopy Sciences	G-200 Ni
Electron Microscope	Hitachi model H-7650
Image capture engine software	AMT-600
35 mm plastic Petri dishes	Fisher scientific
Quick Bond Super glue Cyanoacrylate	Electron microscopy Sciences	72588
Razor blades
Glass scintillation vials	Fisher scientific	03-337-14
Glass slides
Eyelash tool
Metal Loop tool