Name: luminol chemiluminescence in forensics
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:29.000Z
Duration: 3 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

Normalde, reaktanlar ürünlere dönüştüğünde, enerjilerindeki fark, ısının salındığı ekzotermik veya ısının emildiği endotermik olabilen reaksiyonun entalpisi olarak bilinir.
Bir kemilüminesan reaksiyonunda, reaktanlar elektronik olarak uyarılmış bir durumda olan bir ara madde oluşturur. Bu ara madde kararsız. Zemin durumuna kadar gevşerken, ara parçadaki elektronlar, ısı şeklinde değil, görünür ışık emisyonunda enerji açığa çıkarır.
Bu fenomen floresan ile benzerdir. Bir moleküldeki elektronların temel durumu işgal ettiğini hatırlayın. Enerjiyi emdiklerinde, örneğin belirli bir dalga boyundaki ışığa maruz kaldıklarında, heyecanlanırlar ve daha yüksek, uyarılmış bir enerji seviyesine geçerler. Uyarılmış durum temel duruma geri dönerken, fazla enerji görünür ışık şeklinde yayılır.
Ancak, ikisi arasında ayrım yapmak önemlidir. Aradaki fark, moleküllerin elektronlarının nasıl uyarıldığıdır. Kemilüminesansta, kimyasal bir reaksiyondan üretilen enerji elektronları uyarır... floresanda, elektronlar ışık enerjisinin veya diğer elektromanyetik radyasyonun doğrudan emilmesiyle uyarılır. Elektronlar temel duruma kadar gevşerken, her iki lüminesans türü de enerjiyi yayılan ışık olarak serbest bırakır.
Her birinin bir örneğine bir göz atalım. UV ışığını bir şişe tonik suya tuttuğunuzda, kinin içindeki elektronlar enerjiyi emer ve daha yüksek bir enerji seviyesine uyarılır. Elektronlar gevşediğinde, mavi ışık şeklinde enerji açığa çıkarırlar.
Şimdi, difenil oksalat ve bir boya içeren bir dış tüpe ve hidrojen peroksit içeren bir iç tüpe sahip bir kızdırma çubuğu düşünün. Kızdırma çubuğunu büktüğünüzde, iç boru kırılır ve reaktanların karışmasına izin verir. Hidrojen peroksit, fenol ve siklik peroksit oluşturmak için difenil oksalatı oksitler. Döngüsel peroksit, karbondioksite ayrışır ve boyayı daha yüksek bir enerji seviyesine uyaran enerjiyi serbest bırakır. Boya zemin durumuna gevşediğinde, bir ışık fotonu salınır. Burada işlem kemilüminesanstır çünkü boyayı uyarmak için sağlanan enerji kimyasal bir reaksiyondan gelir.
Bu laboratuvarda, bir dizi reaksiyon gerçekleştirerek luminol olarak da bilinen 3-aminoftalhidrazid sentezleyeceksiniz. Daha sonra kemilüminesansını gözlemlemek için luminol'ü katı potasyum hidroksit üzerinde dimetil sülfoksit ile reaksiyona sokacaksınız.

luminol sentezi

Kimyasal reaksiyonlar, reaksiyonların ürünlere dönüştüklerinde ısıyı emmesine veya serbest bırakmasına bağlı olarak endotermik veya ekzotermik olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Reaktanlar ve ürünler arasındaki enerji farkı, reaksiyonun entalpisi olarak bilinir. Bu, ürünler ve reaktanlar veya ΔH arasındaki enerji farkının hesaplanmasıyla bulunur. ΔH pozitifse, reaksiyon endotermiktir; Negatifse, reaksiyon ekzotermiktir. Kimyasal reaksiyonlar geleneksel olarak reaktanların ürünlere dönüştürülmesi olarak düşünülürken, birçok reaksiyon birden fazla adımda gerçekleşir ve ara ürünler oluşturur. Kemilüminesan reaksiyonlarda, bu ara ürünler yüksek enerjili bir durumdan temel duruma geçer ve reaksiyon ilerledikçe görülebilen bir ışık fotonu serbest bırakır.
<h4>Atom Enerjisi Seviyeleri</h4>
Danimarkalı bir fizikçi olan Niels Bohr, atomun çekirdeğinin etrafında dönen bir elektronun yalnızca belirli yörüngeleri veya enerji seviyelerini işgal edebileceği teorisini öne sürdü. Tüm elektronları mümkün olan en düşük enerji seviyesinde olan bir atomun temel durumunda olduğu söylenir. Bir elektron, temel durumdan daha yüksek bir enerji seviyesini işgal ettiğinde, atom uyarılmış durumdadır.
Bohr'un teorisindeki temel varsayım, bir elektronun bozulana kadar temel durumda kalmasıdır. Böylece, bir elektron yalnızca enerjiyi emerek uyarılmış bir duruma yükseltilir. Elektron temel duruma geri döndüğünde, bu enerjiyi serbest bırakır. Çoğu zaman, bu, dalga boyu uyarılmış ve temel durumlar arasındaki enerji farkıyla doğrudan ilişkili olan bir ışık fotonu biçimindedir.
Bir elektron, belirli bir enerji veya dalga boyundaki ışığı emerek daha yüksek bir enerji seviyesine uyarıldığında, bu fenomene floresan denir. Bu etki, yıkanmış beyaz bir tişörtü siyah ışığa veya UV ışığına maruz bırakırsanız görülebilir. Karakteristik parıltı, gömlekteki deterjan ve ağartma bileşiklerinin floresansından kaynaklanır ve bu da normal ışık altında beyaz görünmesini sağlar.
<h4>Kemilüminesans</h4>
Bir kemilüminesan reaksiyonunda, bir elektron, bir reaksiyon sırasında açığa çıkan ısıyı emerek uyarılır. Daha sonra, elektron geri dönerek toprak durumuna geri döndüğünde ışık açığa çıkar. Kemilüminesans ve floresan arasındaki en büyük fark, kemilüminesansta elektronları uyaran enerjinin doğrudan reaksiyondan gelmesidir.
Kemilüminesansın pratik bir uygulaması ticari kızdırma çubuklarıdır. Bir kızdırma çubuğu iki ayrı çözelti içerir: biri peroksit içeren ve diğeri difenil oksalat ve bir renkli boya içeren. Kızdırma çubuğunun aktive edilmesiyle meydana gelen iki çözelti karıştırıldığında, peroksit ve difenil oksalat arasında ortaya çıkan reaksiyon, boyayı daha yüksek bir enerji durumuna uyaran enerji üretir. Reaktanlar tükendiğinde, boya toprak durumuna geri döner ve ışığı serbest bırakır. Kızdırma çubuklarına karakteristik rengini veren şey budur.
<h4>Aydınlatma</h4>
Luminol, kemilüminesan özellikler sergileyen ve başta adli tıp olmak üzere çok çeşitli uygulamalarda kullanılan bir kimyasaldır. Luminol (C8H7N3O2)oksitleyici bir ajan ile karıştırıldığında mavi yayar. Adli tıp söz konusu olduğunda, luminol hemoglobindeki demir ile reaksiyona girerek adli bilim adamlarının çok küçük kan izlerini tanımlamasını sağlar.
Luminol, 3-nitroftalik asidin hidrazin ile dehidrasyon reaksiyonu ile sentezlenir. Reaksiyon, suyu uzaklaştırmak için ısıtılır ve sıcaklığı daha da artırmak için trietilen glikol eklenir. 3-nitroftalhidrazidin nitro grubu daha sonra yüksek pH'ta bir amino grubu oluşturmak için sodyum ditiyonit kullanılarak indirgenir. Temel koşullarda, 3-nitroftalhidrazid çözünür. Buzlu asetik asit ilavesi luminolü çökeltir.
Potasyum hidroksit ile luminol bir dianyon oluşturur. Hidroksit anyonları, luminoldeki nitrojenlere bağlı iki hidrojeni protondan arındırır. Oksijen gazı, luminol'ü uyarılmış durumuna oksitler. Zemin durumuna geri döndüğünde mavi-beyaz bir ışık yayar.
<h4>Başvuru</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Kotz, J.C., Treichel Jr, P.M., Townsend, J.R. (2015). Kimya ve Kimyasal Reaktivite. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Öğrenme.</li>
</ol>

Luminol Sentezi

Kimyasal reaksiyonlar, reaksiyonların ürünlere dönüştüklerinde ısıyı emmesine veya serbest bırakmasına bağlı olarak endotermik veya ekzotermik olarak sınıflandırılabilir. ...

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Synthesis of Luminol

luminol chemiluminescence in forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic.

Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates along the way. In chemiluminescent reactions, these intermediates move from a high-energy state to the ground state and release a photon of light. That light can be seen as the reaction continues.

Atomic energy levels help explain why this glow happens. Niels Bohr proposed that electrons can occupy only certain orbits, or energy levels, around the nucleus. An atom is in the ground state when its electrons are in the lowest possible energy level. When an electron moves to a higher level, the atom is in an excited state. The electron must absorb energy to move up, and it releases that energy when it falls back down. This release is often a photon of light, and the light wavelength depends on the energy gap. When light causes this kind of excitation, the process is called fluorescence, such as the glow seen under a black light on a white T-shirt washed with detergent and bleach compounds.

Chemiluminescence is related to fluorescence, but the energy comes from the chemical reaction itself. In glow sticks, one solution contains peroxide and the other contains diphenyl oxalate and a color dye. When the solutions mix, the reaction produces energy that excites the dye. As the reactants are used up, the dye returns to the ground state and gives off light. This is why glow sticks have their characteristic color.

Luminol is a chemiluminescent chemical with an important forensic use. It emits blue light when mixed with an oxidizing agent. In forensic science, luminol reacts with the iron in hemoglobin, which helps detect very small traces of blood. Luminol is made by dehydrating 3-nitrophthalic acid with hydrazine. The reaction is heated to remove water, and triethylene glycol is added to raise the temperature further. Next, the nitro group in 3-nitrophthalhydrazide is reduced with sodium dithionite to form an amino group at high pH. The compound is soluble in basic conditions, and glacial acetic acid is added to precipitate the luminol. With potassium hydroxide, luminol forms a dianion because hydroxide ions remove the two hydrogens attached to the nitrogens. Oxygen gas then oxidizes luminol to its excited state. When it relaxes back to the ground state, it gives off a blue-white light.

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

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Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

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simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

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steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

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thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

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column chromatography

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chemistry

Kimya laboratuvar temelleri için, hem eğitmenlere hem de öğrencilere yönelik, kapsamlı ve müfredat odaklı vidolar.

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Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

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