Name: from atomos to the modern atom
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.C

Atomic Structure

Her element, atom adı verilen küçük parçacıklardan oluşur. Bu parçacıklar, her bir elemente kaynama noktası, erime noktası ve yoğunluk gibi farklı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler verir.
Bir elementin tüm atomları aynı özelliklere sahiptir, ancak diğer elementlerinkinden farklıdır.
Bu tür farklılıklar atom altı parçacıklardan (protonlar, nötronlar ve elektronlar) kaynaklanmaktadır.
Hem protonlar hem de nötronlar, her biri bir atomik kütle birimi ile atom kütlesine katkıda bulunurken, elektronlar neredeyse ihmal edilebilir bir kütleye sahiptir.
Protonlar ve nötronlar merkezi bir çekirdekte kümelenir. Atom numarasına eşit olan proton sayısı, belirli elementi belirler.
Protonlar pozitif yüklüdür ve nötronlar yüksüzdür, bu nedenle çekirdeğin net bir pozitif yükü vardır.
Negatif yüklü elektronlardan oluşan bir bulut çekirdeğe çekilir. Bu bulut çoğunlukla boştur ve bir atomun hacminin çoğunu oluşturur.
Nötr bir atom eşit sayıda proton ve elektron içerir, pozitif ve negatif yükleri iptal eder ve net yüke yol açmaz.

atomik yapı

Yunan filozof Demokritos, Dünya'daki her şeyin atomos adı verilen küçük parçacıklardan oluştuğunu önerdi. Atom, bu terimden türetilen "bölünmez" anlamına gelen Yunanca bir kelimedir. 19. yüzyılda John Dalton, bugün hala genellikle doğru olan atom kuramını önerdi. Yanımızdaki dünyayı oluşturan atomların nasıl oluştuğunu açıklamak için beş ön kabul ileri sürdü. (1) Tüm madde sonsuz küçük parçacıklardan veya atomlardan oluşur. (2) Bir elementin tüm atomları birbirine benzer ve (3) tüm diğer elementlerin atomlarından farklıdır. (4) İki veya daha fazla element, bir bileşik oluşturmak için sabit bir oranda birleşebilir. (5) Atomlar kimyasal bir reaksiyonda oluşturulamaz veya yok edilemez, ancak yeniden düzenlenerek yeni maddeler oluşturabilir.

Maddenin oluşturduğu parçacıklar konusunda Dalton yalnızca kısmen doğruydu. Atomlar, olağan kimyasal veya fiziksel işlemlerle daha da parçalanamazlar, ancak üç daha küçük bir parçacıktan oluşurlar. Altatomik yapısı hakkındaki ilk ipucu, J.J. Thomson'ın elektronu keşfettiğinde ortaya çıktı. Bilim adamları bir atomun genel yükünün nötr olduğunu biliyorlardı, ancak Thomson'un "erikli tatlı modeli" atomun var olan negatif yüklü bir parçacığının varlığına ilişkin yeni bilgiler sunarak, elektronların atom çevresine yerleştirilmiş bir pozitif yüklü bir bölgede bulunabileceğini öne sürdü. Daha sonra Ernest Rutherford, bir atomun kütlesinin çoğunun çekirdekte yoğunlaştığını, protonların atomun pozitif yükünü oluşturduğunu ve küçük negatif yüklü elektronların çekirdeğin dışındaki alanın çoğunu oluşturduğunu gösteren bir deney yaptı. Bu Thomson'un erikli tatlı modelini çürüttü. 1932 yılında James Chadwick, nötronun bir atomdaki var olan kütle için sorumlu olduğunu keşfetti.

Mevcut kabul edilen teorilere göre, protonlar bir atomun çekirdeğinde bulunur, pozitif bir yüke sahiptir ve her biri bir atomik kütle birimi (AKB) ağırlığına sahiptir. Proton sayısı periyodik tablodaki atom numarasına eşittir ve elementin kimlik belirlenmesini sağlar. Nötronlar da çekirdekte bulunur. Yükleri yoktur, ancak protonlarla aynı kütleye sahiptirler ve bir atomun atomik kütlesine katkıda bulunurlar. Elektronlar çekirdeğin etrafında bulutlar halinde döner. Negatif bir yükleri ve ihmal edilebilir bir kütleleri vardır, bu nedenle bir atomun genel yüküne ancak kütlesine katkıda bulunurlar.

Atomik Yapı

Yunan filozof Demokritus, Dünya'daki her şeyin, Yunanca "bölünemez" anlamına gelen atomos adı verilen küçük parçacıklardan oluştuğunu öne sürdü ve bunlardan ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomi ve Fizyoloji

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Kimyanın Temelleri

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

from atomos to the modern atom

Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter, and ideas about them go back to the Greek philosopher Democritus. He suggested that everything on Earth is made of atomos, a Greek word meaning &quot;indivisible.&quot; That idea later led to the modern word atom.

In the 19th century, John Dalton developed an atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He proposed five key ideas. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike, and atoms of different elements are not. He also said that elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds, and that atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. Instead, they rearrange to make new substances.

Dalton’s model was only partly complete. Atoms cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical or physical processes, but they do contain smaller subatomic particles. The first major clue came from J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron. At the time, scientists knew atoms were neutral overall, so Thomson’s plum pudding model suggested that negative electrons were spread through a positively charged material.

Later, Ernest Rutherford carried out an experiment that changed the atomic model. His results showed that most of an atom’s mass is packed into a central nucleus. In this model, protons provide the atom’s positive charge, and the tiny negative electrons take up most of the space outside the nucleus. This finding disproved Thomson’s plum pudding model.

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron, which explained the mass still present in the atom. In the accepted model today, protons and neutrons are in the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge and a mass of one atomic mass unit, or AMU, each. The number of protons equals the atomic number on the periodic table and defines the element. Neutrons have no charge, but they have about the same mass as protons, so they add to atomic mass. Electrons move in clouds around the nucleus. They have a negative charge and very little mass, so they affect the atom’s overall charge more than its mass.

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

what is matter?

Matter, Mass, and Weight Basics

Matter is the substance that makes up the universe, from a grain of sand to a star. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on gravity. Mass stays the same whether an object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. Weight changes when gravity changes. An object weighs more where gravity is stronger and less where gravity is weaker. A piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth...

the periodic table and organismal elements

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atomic structure

Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter, and ideas about them go back to the Greek philosopher Democritus. He suggested that everything on Earth is made of atomos, a Greek word meaning "indivisible." That idea later led to the modern word atom. In the 19th century, John Dalton developed an atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He proposed five key ideas. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike, and atoms of different elements are...

chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

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atomic number and mass number

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isotopes and radioisotopes

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electron behavior

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colloids and suspensions

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

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key terms and concepts

Trace how atomic theory developed from Democritus and Dalton to Thomson, Rutherford, and Chadwick, and learn how protons, neutrons, and electrons shape atoms.

From Atomos to the Modern Atom | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomi ve Fizyoloji, insan vücudunun anatomik ve fizyolojik ayrıntılarını kapsamlı, net ve ilgi çekici video animasyonlarıyla sergiliyor. Bu ders koleksiyonu insan vücudunun yapıları, bileşenleri, işlevleri ve gereksinimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bilginin gerçek dünyadaki tıp ve araştırma ortamlarında uygulanmasını gösteren eylem halindeki bilim insanıvideolarıyla tamamlanmaktadır.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-1

Next Generation Science Standards

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS1-3

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Matter and Its Interactions

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-2

C-PS1-3.

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

C-PS2-6.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Physical Science

SPS1.

Atomic Structure of atoms

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3.3.9-12.A

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The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for &#34;indivisible,&#34; from which ...

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3.3.9-12.D

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

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