Name: electron shells and discovery
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-1

Electron Behavior

Elektronlar, pozitif yüklü bir çekirdeğin etrafındaki bir elektron bulutunda bulunan küçük, negatif yüklü parçacıklardır. Bulutun içinde elektronlar, kabuklar veya enerji seviyeleri adı verilen farklı alanlarda bulunur.
Enerji seviyeleri genellikle basitleştirilmiş Bohr veya gezegen modeli kullanılarak görselleştirilir, burada aslında karmaşık şekillere sahip olmalarına rağmen, çekirdeğin etrafındaki halkalar olarak temsil edilirler.
Bu kabuklardaki elektronlar, çekirdekten uzaklaştıkça artan enerjiye sahiptir.
İlk enerji seviyesinde en fazla iki elektron olabilir. İkinci kabuk en fazla sekiz elektron tutabilir. Bir atomdaki ek elektronlar giderek daha yüksek enerji seviyelerini doldurur.
En dışta bulunan kabuktaki elektronlara değerlik elektronları denir ve bir elementin kimyasal özelliklerini belirlerler.
Değerlik elektronları, kovalent bağlar oluşturmak için atomlar arasında paylaşılabilir veya iyonik bağlar oluşturmak üzere aktarılabilir.

elektron davranışı

Elektronlar, bir atomun pozitif yüklü çekirdeği etrafında dönen negatif yüklü atom altı parçacıklardır. Enerji seviyeleri olarak adlandırılan kabuklarla ilişkili boşluklarda bulunurlar ve her bir kabuk içinde alt kabuklara ve orbitallere daha fazla düzenlenirler.

Elektronlar Çekirdeğin Etrafında Dolanır

Elektronlar çekirdeğin dışında belirli konumlarda bulunurlar. Bir elektronun bulunduğu kabuk, elektronun genel enerji seviyesini gösterir: çekirdeğe daha yakın olanlar daha az enerjiye sahipken, daha uzak olanlar daha fazla enerjiye sahiptir. Alt kabuk, elektronun konumunu ve enerji seviyesini daha kesin olarak tanımlar, orbital ise bir elektronun çekirdeğin etrafında dolandığı bir olasılık alanının şeklini tanımlar. Çekirdeğe en yakın elektronlar en az miktarda enerjiye sahipken, çekirdekten uzaklaştıkça elektronun taşıdığı enerji miktarı artar. Çekirdekten uzaklaştıkça elektronların dolanabileceği daha fazla boşluk olduğu için dış kabuklar iç kabuklardan daha fazla elektron tutabilir. Bir atomun en dıştaki elektronları değerlik kabuğunda bulunur ve değerlik elektronları olarak adlandırılır. Bu elektronlar diğer atomlarla iyonik ve kovalent bağlar oluşturabilir.

Elektronun Keşfi

1890'ların sonlarında, J.J. Thomson, elektronun keşfine yol açacak katot ışını tüplerini kullanarak bir dizi deney yaptı - ilk atom altı parçacığı. Bir katot ışını tüpü, bir güç kaynağına bağlı iki elektrotla birlikte camdan bir tüptür. Bir vakum, tüpün içindeki havanın çoğunu çıkarır. Elektrotlara gerilim uygulandığında, parçacıkların bir demeti, negatif yüklü katottan pozitif yüklü anottaki elektroda doğru hareket eder. Anot, ışınların geçebileceği küçük bir deliğe sahiptir. Tüpün karşı tarafında fosfor kaplama, katot ışınları tarafından vurulduğunda parlar.

Thomson, katot ışınını, biri pozitif, diğeri negatif yüklü iki metal plaka arasına yöneltti ve tüpün uzak ucundaki ışının konumunu ölçtü. Işın iki plaka arasından geçtiğinde, negatif yüklü plakadan uzaklaşarak pozitif yüklü plakanın yönde büküldü. Benzer yükler birbirlerini iterken, zıt yükler birbirlerini çeker; bu da katot ışınındaki parçacıkların negatif yüke sahip olduğunu gösteri.

Katot parçacıklarının kütle-yük oranını hesaplamak için yapılan daha fazla deney, her bir negatif yüklü parçacığın bilinen herhangi bir atomun kütlesinin yaklaşık 1/2000'i olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu nedenle, Thomson, herhangi bir verilen atomda birçok elektron olması gerektiğine sonuç çıkardı. Daha sonra protonların ve nötronların keşfi, atomun kütle dağılımını ve genel nötr yükünü açıkladı.

Bu metin <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/6-3-development-of-quantum-theory#0">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 6.3: Development of quantum theory</a>.

Elektron Davranışı

Elektronlar, bir atomun pozitif yüklü çekirdeğine çekilen ve onun etrafında dönen negatif yüklü atom altı parçacıklardır. Mekanlarda yaşıyorlar ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomi ve Fizyoloji

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Kimyanın Temelleri

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

electron shells and discovery

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell.

An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells.

Subshells describe an electron’s location and energy more precisely. Orbitals describe the shape of an area of probability where an electron may move around the nucleus. The outermost electrons are found in the valence shell and are called valence electrons. These electrons can form ionic and covalent bonds with other atoms.

J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in the late 1890s through experiments with cathode ray tubes. A cathode ray tube is a glass tube with two electrodes, a power source, and a vacuum that removes most of the air. When voltage is applied, a beam of particles travels from the negatively charged cathode to the positively charged anode, and a phosphorus coating glows when the beam strikes it.

Thomson also sent the cathode ray between two metal plates, one positive and one negative. The ray bent away from the negatively charged plate and toward the positively charged plate. This showed that the particles carried a negative charge, since like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

Further experiments showed that each particle had a mass about 1/2000 of the mass of any known atom. Thomson concluded that atoms must contain many electrons. Later, the discovery of protons and neutrons helped explain how an atom’s mass is spread out and why its overall charge is neutral.

Electron Shells and Discovery

what is matter?

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the periodic table and organismal elements

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atomic structure

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chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

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atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

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isotopes and radioisotopes

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electron behavior

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states of matter

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colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

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types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

factors-influencing-the-rate-of-chemical-reactions

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

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key terms and concepts

Explore how electrons are arranged in shells, subshells, and orbitals, and how J. J. Thomson discovered the electron using cathode ray tubes.

Electron Shells and Discovery | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

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motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Physics

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-6.

The Periodic Table

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The Periodic Table And Organismal Elements

Atomic Structure

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Electron Configurations

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Electronic Structure of Atoms


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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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Coulomb's Law

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Electric Charges

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Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

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Types of Forces

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Electric Fields

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Intermolecular Forces

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Van der Waals Interactions

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Chemical Bonds


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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Subatomic Particles

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Ions and Ionic Charges

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Properties of Transition Metals

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Chemical Equations

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Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
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Stoichiometry, Product Yield, and Limiting Reactants

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Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

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HS-PS1-2

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Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties



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Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

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Electric Field

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Electric Dipoles and Dipole Moment

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HS-PS1-3

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Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

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What is Metabolism?

Overview

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Types of Chemical Reactions: Anabolic and Catabolic

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Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the idea that a chemical reaction is a system that affects the energy change.  Examples of models could include molecular-level drawings and diagrams of reactions, graphs showing the relative energies of reactants and products, and representations showing energy is conserved.

HS-PS1-4

Electron Shells and Discovery

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