Name: how atoms bond to reach stability
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 1 s
Channel: JoVE

Kimyasal bağlar, bir molekülün veya bileşiğin atomlarını bir arada tutar. Atomun değerlik kabuğundaki elektronlar bağışlandığında veya diğer atomlarla paylaşıldığında bağlar oluşur.
Örneğin, iyonik bağlar, atomlar elektron verdiğinde veya kabul ettiğinde ve değerlik kabuklarını doldurduğunda oluşur. Elektron veren ve pozitif yüklü hale gelen bir atom bir katyondur, elektronları kabul eden ve negatif yüklü hale gelen bir atom ise bir anyondur.
Sofra tuzunda, sodyum katyonu ile klorür anyonu arasındaki ilişki iyonik bir bağdır.
Kovalent bağlar, bir veya daha fazla değerlik elektron çiftini karşılıklı olarak paylaşan atomlar arasında oluşur.
Örneğin, iki hidrojen atomu bir çift elektronu paylaşarak tek bir kovalent bağ oluşturabilir. Oksijen ve nitrojen, ikili ve üçlü bağlar oluşturan iki ve üç elektron çiftini paylaşabilir.

kimyasal bağlara giriş

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Kimyasal Bağlar

Dış enerji seviyesinin elektronları atomun enerjik kararlılığını ve diğer atomlarla kimyasal bağlar oluşturma eğilimini belirler. En içteki elektron kabuğu en fazla iki elektron kapasitesine sahiptir, ancak bir sonraki iki elektron kabuğu her biri en fazla sekiz elektron içerebilir. Bu, oktet kuralı olarak bilinir ve atomların içteki kabul dışında, en kararlı enerjik hale geldikleri durumdur, yani dış elektron kabuğunda sekiz elektronları olduğunda.

Ancak, tüm elementlerin dıştaki kabuklarını doldurmak için yeterli elektronlara sahip olmaması nedeniyle atomlar, diğer atomlarla kimyasal bağlar oluşturarak kararlı bir elektronik yapı elde etmek için elektron ihtiyaçlarını elde ederler. Bu nedenle, bir kimyasal bağ, atomları bir arada tutan bir güçtür ve bir molekül veya bileşik oluşturur.

İyonik Bağlar

Atomlar, dış kabuklarını doldurmak için elektron kazanabilir veya kaybedebilirler. Bunu yaparken, elektriksel olarak yüklü hale gelirler ve iyonlar denir. Pozitif yüklü bir atom, elektronları kaybeden pozitif yüklü bir katyondur, negatif yüklü hale gelen elektronları kazanan bir atom ise aniyondur. Katyondan ve aniyondan oluşan zıt yükler, atomları yakın mesafede tutarak bir iyonik bağ oluşturan ortak bir çekim kuvveti uygular. İyonik bağ, zıt yükler arasındaki devam eden, yakın ilişkidir. Ortak sofra tuzu, iyonik bağ oluşumu sayesinde var olur.

Kovalent Bağlar

Oktet kuralının tatmin edilebileceği başka bir yol, atomlar arasında elektron paylaşımı ile kovalent bağların oluşmasıdır. Bu tür bağlar, canlı organizmaların moleküllerinde iyonik bağlardan daha güçlü ve daha yaygındır. Kovalent bağlar, DNA ve protein gibi karbon bazlı organik moleküllerde sıkça bulunur. Kovalent bağlar ayrıca su, karbondioksit ve oksijen gibi anorganik moleküllerde de bulunur.

Hidrojen Bağları

Hidrojen bağı, zayıf bir şekilde pozitif hidrojen atomunun zaten bir elektro negatif atoma bağlı olduğu durumda (örneğin su molekülündeki oksijen) başka bir molekülden bir elektro negatif atoma çekildiği zaman oluşur. Doğal dünyadaki hidrojen bağlanmasının en yaygın örneği, su moleküllerinin arasında meydana gelir. İki yağmur damlasının birleşmesi veya bir derecenin bir nehir haline dönüşmesi durumunda meydana gelir. Hidrojen bağlanması, bir su molekülündeki zayıf negatif yüklü oksijen atomunun, başka iki su molekülündeki zayıf pozitif yüklü hidrojen atomlarına çekilmesi nedeniyle oluşur.

Bu metin,<a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-2-chemical-bonds?query=chemical%20bond&target=%7B%22type%22%3A%22search%22%2C%22index%22%3A0%7D#fs-id1493624">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.2: Chemical Bonds.</a> <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/2-1-atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks?query=chemical%20bonds">Openstax, </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/2-1-atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks?query=chemical%20bonds">Biology for AP® Courses</a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/2-1-atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks?query=chemical%20bonds"> Section </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/2-1-atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks?query=chemical%20bonds">2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks.</a>

Kimyasal Bağlara Giriş

Kimyasal Bağlar
En dıştaki enerji seviyesinin elektronları, atomun enerjik kararlılığını ve atomla kimyasal bağlar oluşturma eğilimini belirler ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomi ve Fizyoloji

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Kimyanın Temelleri

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

how atoms bond to reach stability

Atoms bond to become more stable, and their outermost electrons play the biggest role in that process. The inner electron shell can hold two electrons. The next two shells can each hold eight electrons. This is called the octet rule. It states that, except for the innermost shell, atoms are most stable when their valence shell, or outer shell, has eight electrons.

When atoms do not have enough electrons to fill that outer shell, they form chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in a molecule or compound. These bonds let atoms reach a more stable electron arrangement.

One common type is an ionic bond. In this case, atoms gain or lose electrons to fill their valence shell. When they do this, they become ions. A cation is a positively charged ion that has lost electrons. An anion is a negatively charged ion that has gained electrons. The opposite charges attract each other and keep the ions close together. This close association forms an ionic bond. Table salt is a common example of a substance made through ionic bonding.

Another way atoms satisfy the octet rule is by sharing electrons. This creates covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are stronger and much more common than ionic bonds in the molecules of living organisms. They are found in carbon-based organic molecules such as DNA and proteins. They also occur in inorganic molecules like water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.

Hydrogen bonds are a weaker kind of attraction. They form when a weakly positive hydrogen atom, already bonded to another electronegative atom such as oxygen, is attracted to a different electronegative atom in another molecule. Water is the most common example. Hydrogen bonding helps explain why raindrops can merge into larger beads and why a creek can flow into a river.

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How Atoms Bond to Reach Stability

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