Name: atomic charges, bonds, and compounds
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

İyonlar, elektron kazanmış veya kaybetmiş elektrik yüklü atomlardır. Elektron kaybeden ve pozitif yüklü hale gelen bir atom bir katyondur, elektron kazanan ve negatif yüklü hale gelen bir atom ise bir anyondur.
İyonlar, sinir uyarılarının iletilmesi ve kas kasılması gibi birçok fizyolojik süreç için hayati öneme sahiptir.
Moleküller, elektronları paylaşan iki veya daha fazla atomun kombinasyonlarıdır. Bir oksijen molekülü gibi bir elementin atomlarından veya bir su molekülü gibi farklı elementlerin atomlarından oluşabilirler.
Bir bileşik, elektronların aktarılıp aktarılmadığına veya paylaşılıp paylaşılmadığına bakılmaksızın, kimyasal olarak sabit bir oranda bağlanmış farklı elementlerin atomlarının bir kombinasyonudur.
İyonik bileşikler, sıradan sofra tuzunda olduğu gibi metalik ve metalik olmayan iyonlar arasındaki elektrostatik etkileşim ile oluşur ve elektrostatik etkileşimler yoluyla birbirine bağlanmış bir sodyum katyonu ve bir klorür anyonu bulunur.
Moleküler bileşikler, ametal atomlar kovalent bağlar yoluyla bağlandığında oluşur. Örneğin, metan, dört hidrojen atomunun elektronları bir karbon atomu ile belirli bir oranda paylaştığı moleküler bir bileşiktir.

İyonlar, moleküller ve bileşikler

İyonlar - Bir atom, bir veya daha fazla elektronun bağışlanması veya kabul edilmesiyle sonuçlanan bir kimyasal tepkimeye katıldığında, atom pozitif veya negatif yüklü hale gelir. Bu, çoğu atomun tam bir yörünge kabuğuna sahip olması için sıkça gerçekleşir. Bu ya daha azından yarısı dolu olan bir kabuğu doldurmak için elektron kazanarak ya da daha azından yarısı dolu olan bir kabuğu boşaltarak, yeni bir kabuğun dolu değerlik kabuğu olarak kalmasını sağlayarak gerçekleşebilir. Elektrik yükü olan bir atom - pozitif veya negatif olan - iyon olarak adlandırılır.

Örneğin, potasyum (K) tüm vücut hücrelerinde önemli bir elementtir. Atom numarası 19'dur. Değerlik kabuğunda sadece bir elektronu vardır. Bu özellik, potasyumun bir elektron bağışladığı kimyasal reaksiyonlara katılma olasılığını artırır. Kaybettiği elektron, potasyumun protonlarının pozitif yükünün, potasyumun elektronlarının negatif yükünden daha etkili olmasına neden olacaktır. Yani, sonucunda potasyum iyonu hafifçe pozitif olacaktır. Pozitif yüklü bir iyon bir katyon olarak bilinir.

Bir başka element olan flor (F), kemiklerin ve dişlerin bir bileşeni, atom numarası dokuzdur. Değerlik kabuğunda yedi elektronu vardır. Flor, diğer atomlarla birleşme olasılığı yüksek olan bir şekilde bağ yapma eğilimindedir ve bir elektron alır. Bunu yaptığında, elektronları protonlarından bir adet fazla olacak ve genel bir negatif yükü olacaktır. Negatif yüklü bir iyon bir anyon olarak bilinir.

İyonlar normal vücut fonksiyonları için çok önemlidir, bu nedenle dengelerinin bozulması sağlık sorunlarına yol açabilir. Örneğin, sodyum iyon dengesizliği kardiyovasküler hastalıklara neden olabilir. Düşük kan kalsiyum seviyeleri tetani - kontrolsüz kasılmalar- oluşturabilir.

Moleküller - Moleküller sadece kimyasal olarak bağlı iki veya daha fazla atomdan oluşur. Moleküller aynı elementin atomlarından oluşabilir, örneğin iki oksijen atomu arasındaki bağlanma ile oluşan oksijen gazı molekülü gibi ya da farklı elementlerin atomları arasında bağlanma ile oluşabilir, örneğin karbon ve oksijen atomları arasında oluşan karbondioksit gazı molekülü gibi.

Bileşikler - Bir bileşik, sabit bir oranda iki veya daha fazla atomun bağlanmasıyla oluşan saf bir maddedir. Örneğin, glikoz bileşiği önemli bir vücut yakıtıdır. Her zaman aynı üç elementten oluşur: karbon, hidrojen ve oksijen, aynı oranlarda. Glikozda, her on iki hidrojen birimi için her zaman altı karbon ve altı oksijen birimi bulunur.

Bu metin, kısmen<a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-2-chemical-bonds?query=when%20a%20atom%20participates&target=%7B%22type%22%3A%22search%22%2C%22index%22%3A0%7D#fs-id2113058">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.2 Chemical Bonds</a> and Openstax, <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-1-elements-and-atoms-the-building-blocks-of-matter?query=For%20example%2C%20the%20compound%20glucose%20is%20an%20important%20body%20fuel.%20It%20is%20always%20composed%20of%20the%20same%20three%20elements&target=%7B%22type%22%3A%22search%22%2C%22index%22%3A0%7D#fs-id1882474">Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter</a>.

İyonlar, Moleküller ve Bileşikler

İyonlar - Bir atom, bir veya daha fazla elektronun bağışlanması veya kabul edilmesiyle sonuçlanan bir kimyasal reaksiyona katıldığında, atom pozitif hale gelir ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomi ve Fizyoloji

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Kimyanın Temelleri

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

Ions, Molecules, and Compounds

atomic charges, bonds, and compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell.

Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine is another example. It has atomic number 9 and seven electrons in its valence shell, so it is likely to accept one electron and become a negatively charged ion called an anion.

Ions are important for normal body function, so an imbalance can cause health problems. A sodium ion imbalance can contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Low blood calcium levels can also cause tetany, which is marked by uncontrollable involuntary muscle contractions.

Molecules and compounds are related but not the same. A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded together. The atoms may be the same element, as in oxygen gas, or different elements, as in carbon dioxide gas. A compound is a pure substance made when two or more atoms bond in a fixed proportion.

Glucose is a useful example of a compound. It is an important body fuel and always contains the same elements in the same relative amounts: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In glucose, there are always six carbon units and six oxygen units for every twelve hydrogen units.

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

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Matter is the substance that makes up the universe, from a grain of sand to a star. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on gravity. Mass stays the same whether an object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. Weight changes when gravity changes. An object weighs more where gravity is stronger and less where gravity is weaker. A piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth...

the periodic table and organismal elements

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atomic structure

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chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

Chemical symbols are short abbreviations that stand for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, has the symbol Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom of mercury in the microscopic domain or to a sample labeled as many atoms of mercury in the macroscopic domain. Many symbols come from the element’s common name. Others are shortened from a name in another language. Most chemical symbols use one or two letters. For a few elements with atomic numbers above 112,...

atomic number and mass number

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atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

Atomic mass and mole calculations help explain how much matter is in atoms and compounds. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass, about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams. Scientists define that mass as one atomic mass unit, or amu, also called one Dalton. Electrons are much lighter than protons. They weigh only 9.11 × 10 -28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. Because of that small mass, electrons do not add much to an element’s overall atomic mass. When chemists calculate atomic mass,...

isotopes and radioisotopes

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electron behavior

Electron Shells and Discovery

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells. Subshells describe...

introduction to chemical bonds

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ionic bonds

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covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

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hydrogen bonds

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ions, molecules, and compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell. Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine...

states of matter

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colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

Suspensions and colloids are two common kinds of mixtures seen in everyday life. Mud and water, flour and water, and tempera paint are suspensions. These mixtures are heterogeneous, which means their particles are not spread out evenly. The particles are relatively large and can be seen with the naked eye or a magnifying glass. Suspension particles make mixtures cloudy, and they settle out after mixing. The settling of particles in a suspension is called sedimentation. A blood test can measure...

introduction to chemical reactions

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types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

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Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

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Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

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Chemical Reaction Rates and Catalysts

Chemical reaction rates depend on how often particles collide and whether those collisions have enough energy to start a reaction. That starting energy is called activation energy. Factors that affect reaction rate either lower that energy or make successful collisions more likely. Concentration and pressure can speed reactions up because they put more particles in the same space. When more particles are present, they are more likely to bump into one another. Chemists can also increase...

acids, bases and neutralization reactions

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Acids, bases, and pH help control how cells and body systems work. In biology, pH can strongly affect enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. Enzymes work best within a certain pH range, and pH changes can alter their structure or denature them, which changes how they function. Acids release hydrogen ions, or H+, in solution. A hydrogen ion is a proton, so it is very reactive in chemical reactions. Strong acids release all of their H+ in water and ionize completely. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a...

key terms and concepts

Learn how atoms become ions, why cations and anions form, and how molecules and compounds differ using potassium, fluorine, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose.

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomi ve Fizyoloji, insan vücudunun anatomik ve fizyolojik ayrıntılarını kapsamlı, net ve ilgi çekici video animasyonlarıyla sergiliyor. Bu ders koleksiyonu insan vücudunun yapıları, bileşenleri, işlevleri ve gereksinimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bilginin gerçek dünyadaki tıp ve araştırma ortamlarında uygulanmasını gösteren eylem halindeki bilim insanıvideolarıyla tamamlanmaktadır.

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

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