In Vitro Evaluation of The Effects Of Er,Cr:YSGG and Diode Lasers Used on Titanium Cylinder

This study evaluates the use of two different types of lasers on titanium surfaces to treat periimplantitis investigating the impact on implants. One of the challenges of the experiment was to replicate the intraoral environment into a uncontrollable in-vitro models. Studies on the use of lasers in the treatment of periimplantitis should be conducted as extensive clinical trials.

To begin, launch the Rhinoceros 3D graphics and design program. Draw a circle with a diameter of 10 millimeters, then reduce the circle by 50%along one axis to create an ellipse. Use the extruder function to raise the ellipse in the third dimension.

Draw another circle for finger support. Use the extruder function to raise the second circle in the third dimension, ensuring it is shorter than the first shape. Now, drill a 10-millimeter hole in the elliptical drawing using the Boolean command.

For thermocouple support, create an L-shaped line using the Sweep1 command and extrude it into the third dimension. Draw a square and extrude it into the third dimension to create the base. Set a closed room with air conditioning to a temperature of 27 degrees Celsius.

Fix the stand in the center of a plastic tub using double-sided tape. Position the titanium cylinder on the fixing stand. Spray air into the titanium cylinder before starting the experiment.

Insert the thermocouple of the thermometer into the hollow section of the titanium cylinder positioned in its slot on the stand. Prepare a chronometer to monitor application time. Assign a third observer to record temperature changes and operate the stopwatch.

Wear protective glasses before beginning laser application for safety. Insert the tips for the lasers. Turn on the Er, Cr:YSGG laser and select perio closed mode.

Apply 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 watts of laser energy for 20 seconds and 40 seconds each. Then turn on the diode laser and select perio pocket mode. Apply 0.8 watts, 1.3 watts, and 1.8 watts of laser energy for 20 seconds and 40 seconds each.

Have the third observer start the timer when the laser application begins. Notify the observer when the time is up. Now, apply the laser tip at a 15-degree angle to the surface, maintaining contact and moving in a zigzag pattern across the entire surface for the planned duration.

Record the initial and final temperature values during laser application. Subtract the start temperature from the final value to calculate the temperature change. Store samples in transparent bags labeled with group numbers For two and three-dimensional imaging, do not coat samples before placing them in the scanning electron microscope.

Randomly select one cylinder from each of the 13 study groups. Insert them into the SEM device recording their location and sample code to avoid mix-ups. Place the titanium cylinder in the SEM device with the flat surface facing upward.

Perform analysis using low-vacuum mode. Set the chamber pressure to 60 pascals during analysis. For atomic force microscopy measurement, randomly select one titanium cylinder from each study group.

Perform measurements in tapping mode. Transfer the cylinder into the instrument. Capture a 5 x 5 micrometer digital image for each sample and record at a slow scan rate of one hertz.

For the measurement of surface roughness, first fix the titanium roller with a holder. Place the needle of the profilometer in contact with the titanium surface. Set the resolution to 0.01 millimeters, the transverse length to 3.0 millimeters, and the diamond recording pin tip diameter to five micrometers.

Adjust the measurement speed to 0.5 millimeters per second to determine the mean roughness or RA value. Press start to begin the measurement. Once measurement is complete, save the recorded RA value.

Repeat measurements five times in different directions on the flat surface of each cylinder. The temperature change on the 42nd laser applied cylinder surfaces was greater than that on the 22nd laser applied. The temperature change in titanium cylinders using a diode laser was significantly greater than in those using the Er, Cr:YSGG laser.

Within the diode laser groups, the 42nd application resulted in significantly higher temperature changes compared to the 22nd application across all power levels. The temperature range of the diode laser groups with 1.8 watts applied to the cylinder surfaces was markedly greater than that in the diode laser groups with 0.8 watts applied. SEM images showed a porous structure in all groups characteristic of sandblasted, acid-etched implant surfaces.

At 5000X magnification, laser-treated titanium surfaces showed visible enlargement of micron-sized pores compared to the control group. At 250X and 1000X magnifications, surfaces exposed to the Er, Cr:YSGG and diode lasers for 40 seconds exhibited more surface melting than those treated for 20 seconds. AFM images revealed that surface indentations were uniformly distributed in the control group compared to laser-treated samples.

The roughness parameter did not show a significant difference in laser type, watt, time, or in combined evaluations.