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Medicine

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published: May 12, 2023 doi: 10.3791/64437
Automatic Translation
*1, *2, 1, 2
1West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, 2Sichuan University West China Hospital
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

Abstract

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine position with extension and fixation of the neck. One 20 mm transverse incision and two 5 mm incisions are made through the mucosa of the oral vestibule for camera and instrument placement after disinfection of the skin and oral cavity. The workspace is established and maintained by the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands, and the CO2 insufflation pressure. Lobectomy using a medial-to-lateral technique and prophylactic ipsilateral central neck dissection is performed simultaneously on patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The specimen is extracted through the 20 mm incision. The parathyroid gland is immediately searched for in the specimen and auto-transplanted to the left brachioradialis. A drainage tube is inserted through the retractor hole into the bed of the thyroid gland, and absorbable sutures are used to close the mucosal incisions in the oral vestibule and the linea alba cervicalis. Prophylactics administered intravenously are recommended for the first 24 h after surgery, and oral antibiotics are used for 7 days postoperatively.

Introduction

Conventional open thyroidectomy has been safely performed using a cervical incision for more than 100 years1. Although most patients have efficient scar healing and the cosmetic effect is generally acceptable, a permanent scar on the neck always draws immediate attention from common observers2. Nearly 20% of post-thyroidectomy patients experience self-awareness, and more than 10% consider further treatments to remove the scar3. Moreover, a negative impact of the cervical incision on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has also been reported4. Varied remote-access approaches for thyroid surgery, such as axillobreast, transaxillary, retroauricular, and subclavian approaches, have been developed to avoid a visible neck scar5,6,7,8 by moving the cutaneous incision to less conspicuous locations.9 However, these approaches require wide-flap dissection to access the thyroid gland and still leave cutaneous scars at the incision sites10.

Since 2008, techniques for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for transoral thyroid surgery have been developed. These can be performed via the oral vestibular approach or the sublingual approach. The former is more popular because it is associated with fewer complications. In 2016, Anuwong published the first case series of 60 patients undergoing the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) and identified an excellent prognosis11. In comparison with the remote-access methods, TOETVA is considered truly minimally invasive because the area of the flap dissection is similar to conventional open thyroidectomy, and it does not leave any scars on the body10.

TOETVA, a revolutionary endoscopic method, meets women's cosmetic needs and allows easy access to the bilateral thyroid and central compartment12. It is distinguished by the complete exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes, which is beneficial in treating differentiated thyroid cancer with cN1a10,13,14,15. However, because of the limited operating space, dealing with large tumors in the upper pole of the thyroid gland is relatively challenging. The current study describes the step-by-step procedures of TOETVA.

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Protocol

The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (2018[457]), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

1. Preoperative preparation

  1. Patient eligibility
    1. Select patients who have stringent cosmetic requirements and meet the following criteria: (1) a benign nodule <4 cm in diameter; (2) a differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) <2 cm in diameter without clinical lateral lymph node metastasis or distance metastasis; and (3) no imaging indication of central lymph node metastasis or a metastatic lymph node <2 cm in diameter without fusion and fixation.
    2. Exclude patients who meet the following criteria: (1) medullary carcinoma or undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma; (2) oral or neck infections; (3) severe thyroiditis that has an acute impact on thyroid function; (4) suspicious invasion of the primary tumor or metastatic lymph node to adjacent organs, such as the esophagus, trachea, or recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN); (5) location of the primary tumor in the upper pole; (6) previous history of neck surgery, ablation, or neck radiation; (7) biochemical evidence of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism; (8) substernal goiter; and (9) intolerance to surgery.
  2. Patient preparation
    1. Evaluate the patients preoperatively with fine-needle aspiration cytologic testing, parathyroid gland tests, thyroid function tests, laryngoscopy, and thyroid ultrasonography16.
    2. Ask the patient to prepare the oral cavity by using mouthwash (such as tinidazole) before and after meals at least 2 days before the TOETVA and keeping the mouthwash in the mouth for at least 15 s every time.
  3. Equipment
    1. Ensure the availability of the absorbable sutures (5-0) for oral wounds.
    2. Ensure the availability of all the instruments and materials required for the protocol (see Table of Materials).

2. Surgical preparation

  1. Pre-operative preparation
    1. Assess the anesthesia risk of surgery according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists' classification17.
    2. Induce general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation using intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM).
    3. Tape the eyes and nose, and pad the head to avoid inadvertent trauma.
    4. Perform catheterization.
  2. Operation field
    NOTE: Figure 1 shows the schematic of the operating room layout.
    1. Let the operator stand in front of the patient's head. Let the first assistant stand on the left side of the patient's head.
      NOTE: The first assistant will be responsible for holding the endoscope.
    2. Let the second assistant stand beside the patient's body according to the location of the lesion to hold the hook. Let the scrub nurse stand beside the patient's leg.
    3. Place the endoscopic equipment and monitor beyond the patient's feet.
    4. Place the patient in the supine position with the neck extended. Fix the patient's head with the top cuff during the operation to avoid neck rotation.
  3. Disinfection
    1. Skin disinfection: Prepare the upper chest, neck, and lower face with iodine solution three times according to the principle of top-down and in-out.
    2. Oral disinfection: Put the diluted iodine gauze into the mouth, disinfect the oral cavity with it three times, and rinse it with normal saline.

Figure 1
Figure 1: A schematic of the operating room layout. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

3. Designing the incisions and establishing the working space (Figure 2)

  1. Make the camera port incision with an electrotome; this should be a 20 mm transverse incision 5 mm above the frenulum through the alveolar mucosa of the central lower lip vestibule.
  2. Advance the camera port incision to the chin with an electrotome. Take care to avoid the penetration of the mentum skin. Use hemostatic forceps and a subcutaneous stripping rod to make a tunnel in the midline of the neck, and further extend to the lower neck.
  3. Place a 10 mm camera through the central port. Insufflate the working space with carbon dioxide gas to establish a pressure of 4 mmHg.
    NOTE: The pressure of the carbon dioxide gas should be <8 mmHg to avoid complications caused by high pressure.
  4. Make two 5 mm vertical incisions laterally from the first premolars for instrument placement.
  5. Use an ultrasonic scalpel to make the working space, and widen it to both sternocleidomastoid muscles laterally and along the subplatysmal plane to the sternal notch inferiorly. Use the traction of the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable sutures (3-0) and rubber bands, to help expand the working space (Figure 3).

Figure 2
Figure 2: Positioning of the patient and the laparoscopic ports. The center one is the camera port. Arm I and Arm II are for instrument placement. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3
Figure 3: The traction suspension device. The arrow points at the traction suspension device. The suspension device is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

4. Thyroid lobectomy

  1. Divide the linea alba coli with an ultrasonic scalpel. Separate part of strap muscle from the thyroid gland.
  2. Use a 20 mL needle to pierce the skin at the level of the inferior corner of the thyroid cartilage, and place a pull hook through the hole. Use the pull hook to grab the separated part of the strap muscle.
  3. Use the ultrasonic scalpel to separate the remaining part of the strap muscle and expose the common carotid artery. Find the vagus nerve, and use the IONM to record the signal.
    NOTE: The IONM technology helps to quickly locate, identify, and protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN). The use of IONM is encouraged; it is an excellent auxiliary tool, but not a mandatory tool.
  4. Use nontraumatic forceps to hold the inferior margin of the isthmus. Use the ultrasonic scalpel to cut the isthmus from the inferior portion of the cricoid cartilage and expose the trachea. For the lobectomy of the TOETVA, first locate the trachea, and take it as a sign.
  5. Use the nontraumatic forceps to hold the upper pole of the thyroid, and divide the cricothyroid space with the ultrasonic scalpel. Transect part of the sternothyroid muscle. Expose the upper pole of the thyroid.
  6. Sever the superior thyroid artery and vein. Free the lateral glands from the top down. Lift up the upper pole of the gland, find the RLN under direct visualization, and use the IONM to record the signal.
  7. Use the ultrasonic scalpel to separate the thyroid capsule from the trachea. Divide the inferior thyroid vessels, and cut the Berry's ligament with the ultrasonic scalpel.
  8. Remove the unilateral lobe of the thyroid gland from the trachea. Use the IONM to record the signal of the vagus nerve and RLN again.

5. Central lymph node dissection

  1. Locate the inferior parathyroid gland first, and try to retain it in situ.
    NOTE: The thymus should be carefully identified and protected to ensure the functionality of the inferior parathyroid gland from the source of the thymus blood supply and to prevent accidental resection of the parathyroid gland. Carbon nanoparticles can be chosen to help facilitate the identification of the parathyroid glands and the dissection of the lymph nodes. Autotransplantation is feasible for parathyroid glands that cannot be retained in situ.
  2. Stretch the strap muscles to the outside as much as possible to fully expose the operative field.
  3. Identify the central lymph node compartment by the hyoid bone (superior), suprasternal fossa (inferior), carotid artery (lateral), superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia (anterior), and esophagus (posterior).
  4. Use the ultrasonic scalpel to dissect the pretracheal and prelaryngeal lymph nodes. Cut the connective tissue in front of the carotid artery to determine the lateral boundary of the central lymph nodes and the connective tissue in front of the trachea to determine the medial boundary of the central lymph nodes. Sweep the anterior side of the left RLN or the anterior and posterior side of the right RLN to complete the central lymph node dissection.
    ​NOTE: The lateral margin should not be swept too deep in order to prevent damage to the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk. When cleaning the inferior margin, injury to the innominate vessels and pleura should be avoided.

6. Removal of the specimen and closure

  1. Use endoscopic pouches to remove the specimens.
    NOTE: To avoid ectopic implantation, the specimens should be completely removed by the endoscopic pouches.
  2. Wash the surgical wound repeatedly with a large amount of warm sterile distilled water.
  3. Place a surgical drain (4#) through a small skin puncture in the anterior neck.
  4. Re-approximate the strap muscles. Close the oral wounds with 5-0 absorbable sutures.

7. Parathyroid gland autotransplantation

  1. Preserve the parathyroid glands with normal saline, and examine them by frozen section biopsy.
  2. Cut the isolated parathyroid gland into tiny fragments of 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm with ophthalmic scissors. Mix the fragments with normal saline. Inject the mixture into the brachioradialis muscle of the forearm.

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Representative Results

We set up a routine clinical pathway for patients with TOETVA at the center. Laryngoscopy and a thyroid ultrasound are carried out on each patient before the operation. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid function, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-VD), and serum calcium are routinely measured before the operation, and all of them except for thyroid function are remeasured 1 day after the surgery. In our hospital, Foley catheters are routinely used for patients who will have a TOETVA surgery of more than 3 h. The Foley catheter is also removed at 1 day after the surgery. Every patient is given 4 g of calcium gluconate through an intravenous drip after the surgery, and another 2 g is provided on the first day postoperatively. Oral calcium is not for routine use unless the patient has symptoms like numbness or tetany. Patients who have vitamin D deficiency are asked to take vitamin D supplementation after the surgery. Patients are discharged on the second postoperative day after removing the closed-suction drain unless there is a major adverse event like bleeding, hypocalcemia, or hoarseness. Patients are asked to take oral antibiotics for 5-7 days after the surgery.

At the center, TOETVA was performed on 32 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and another 97 patients had traditional open surgery from November 2021 to April 2022 (Table 1). In the TOETVA group, the IONM showed the neural signal of all the patients to be in good condition during the operation. There was no case of postoperative hoarseness. Regardless of hypocalcemic symptoms, any decrease in the serum PTH level below the normal limit (normal range = 1.6-6.9 pmol/L) was defined as postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and a lack of recovery of the serum PTH level to the normal range more than 6 months postoperatively was defined as permanent hypoparathyroidism. If the reduction lasted less than 6 months, it was designated as transient. In the entire group, 12.5% (4/32) of the patients had transient hypoparathyroidism, and 0% had permanent hypoparathyroidism.

The mean age and gender composition of the patients differed between the two groups (p < 0.05). Younger female patients were more likely to choose TOETVA. The operation time of the TOETVA was longer than that of open surgery (p < 0.05). As no significant differences in the number of harvested lymph nodes were found between the two groups (p > 0.05), the dissection range of central lymph nodes of TOETVA could be consistent with that of open surgery. In terms of the metastatic lymph nodes, the ratio of extrathyroidal extension and tumor size differed between the two groups (p < 0.05), meaning the characteristics of the tumors differed between the two groups. No significant differences in postoperative PTH and postoperative calcium were found between the two groups (p > 0.05). The two surgical techniques had identical effects on parathyroid function (Table 1).

Parameters TOETVA (N=32) Open surgery (N=97) P*
Mean age, years (range) 34.00 (32.00-39.00) 44.00 (35.00-51.00) 0.000
Sex 0.007
Female 31 73
Male 1 24
Preoperative PTH (pmol/L) 5.04 ± 0.24 5.41 ± 0.20 0.228
Preoperative Calcium (mmol/L) 2.28 ± 0.01 2.31 ± 0.01 0.205
Surgical extent  0.790
Left 11 37
Right 21 60
Extrathyroidal extension 11 12 0.005
Tumor size (cm) 0.80 (0.6-1.00) 1.75 (1.20-2.32) 0.000
Operation time (min) 190.03 ± 5.39 102.00 ± 13.25 0.000
Postoperative PTH (pmol/L) 2.78 ± 0.17 2.78 ± 0.01 0.962
Postoperative Calcium (mmol/L) 2.21 ± 0.25 2.24 ± 0.12 0.282
No. of harvested lymph nodes 8.75 (5.00-12.70) 8.00 (6.00-11.25) 0.110
No. of metastatic lymph nodes 0.75 (0-2.40) 1.75 (0-2.50) 0.002

Table 1: Baseline characteristics and results of the 32 cases of TOETVA and the 97 cases of open surgery. The median is presented for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. The mean ± standard deviation is presented for continuous variables with normal distribution. Differences in continuous variables between the groups were examined using a nonparametric test or the Student's t-test. The Fisher's exact test or Pearson's chi-squared test were used to examine the differences in categorical variables between the groups. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Abbreviations: PTH = parathyroid hormone.

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Discussion

TOETVA is characterized by the full exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes, which is significantly advantageous in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with cN1a10,13,14,15. However, it should be noted that due to the limited operating space, it is relatively difficult to deal with the big tumors located in the upper pole of the thyroid gland. The surgical indications and contraindications should be strictly followed to ensure the safe development of the operation. After completely dislocating the upper pole of the thyroid, the RLN is identified and further separated under direct visualization and monitored by IONM during the operation. When the RLN is in the vicinity of a hemorrhage, using an electrotome or an ultrasonic scalpel for hemostasis without figuring out the anatomy of the RLN and the surrounding conditions should be avoided, as this may result in accidental damage to the RLN. Wiping the blood with gauze strips can help to identify the anatomical relationship between the bleeding point and the RLN and, thus, stop the bleeding.

Following the report in 201611, transoral thyroid surgery has started to be adopted around the world13,18,19,20. According to one meta-analysis21 and five published systematic reviews22,23,24,25,26, TOETVA is safe and feasible in treating thyroid diseases. TOETVA, as a new endoscopic approach, satisfies the esthetic requirement because of the absence of a skin incision. Furthermore, it provides easy access to the bilateral central area and thyroid12. Surprisingly, most patients who underwent TOETVA in the center were female. A higher incidence of PTC and higher esthetic requirements in women may have contributed to this result.

The most common complications of thyroidectomy are RLN injury and hypoparathyroidism27. A meta-analysis of 10 articles involving 1,677 patients showed no significant difference in transient RLN injury, transient hypoparathyroidism, and transient hypocalcemia between TOETVA and non-transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy (NTET)28. The IONM showed that the neural signal of all the patients did not fade or disappear during the operation. The better view of the RLN and parathyroid gland provided by the endoscopic magnification might explain the result29,30.

Additional complications associated with TOETVA are surgical site infection and mental nerve injury, which can result in lip and/or chin numbness10. TOETVA is considered a clean-contaminated surgery because diverse bacterial flora, including anaerobic bacteria and gram-positive aerobic, colonize the mucosa of the oral cavity31. However, one meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the occurrence of wound infection between TOETVA and NTET28. The prophylactic measures, including prophylactic antibiotics, sterilization, and drainage, may contribute to this result32,33,34,35. In our center, the patients are asked to take oral antibiotics for 7 days after surgery, while other centers use oral antibiotics for different durations after surgery2,20,22. Further studies are needed to determine the standard antibiotic duration and dosage after TOETVA.

Tumor prognosis is the most important problem in cancer surgery. It is generally believed that lymph node metastasis is associated with tumor prognosis and higher mortality36,37. One meta-analysis reported that the central lymph node dissection rates of the TOETVA group and NTET group were comparable28. However, the follow-up duration of other remote access endoscopic methods is longer than that of TOETVA27. Building up a prospectively large-scale cohort, with procedures such as the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) and transaxillary methods23,24,25, will be necessary to check the tumor prognosis.

TOETVA is an innovation in the concept of thyroid surgery. With the aim of ensuring the quality of surgery and curing diseases, it achieves the characteristic of minimal invasiveness and embodies the treatment concept of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). TOETVA has the advantage of a top-down perspective and can be used to thoroughly dissect the central lymph nodes, which may play an essential role in improving the radical effect and long-term prognosis of endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery.

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Disclosures

The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the patients who participated in this study for their cooperation. This research was supported by the project fund of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province. (Grant No. 2021YFS0103).

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Allis Grasping Forceps,310 mm x 5 mm AESCULAP PO111R
Button Electrode Tip AESCULAP GK385R
Ceramic Electrode AESCULAP GK384R
Complete Trocar AESCULAP EJ751R
Endoscope Olympus WA53005A
IONM Medtronic NIM-3.0
Light Transmitting Bundle Olympus WA03310A
Maryland Dissecting Forceps, 310 mm x 5 mm AESCULAP PO102R
Monopolar Handle (5 mm diameter, 33 cm working length) AESCULAP GK372R
Pneumoperitoneum tube,4 m STRYKE 620-240-223
Pyramidal Tip Obturator AESCULAP EJ755R
Reusable Monopolar Cable AESCULAP GK245
Scissors AESCULAP P0004R
Suction irrigation tube AESCULAP PG027R
Super Righting Needle Holder, 5 mm AESCULAP PL414R
Veress TianSong E2014.6

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Tags

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach TOETVA Thyroid Lobectomy Clinical Practice Learning Curve Central Lymph Nodes Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma CN1A Ultrasonic Scalpel Working Space Sternocleidomastoid Muscles Subplatysmal Plane Sternal Notch Linea Alba Colli Strap Muscle Thyroid Gland 20 Milliliter Needle Pull Hook Common Carotid Artery Vagus Nerve Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Isthmus Cricoid Cartilage Trachea
Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Wu, Z., Tian, Y., Chen, Z., Su, A.… More

Wu, Z., Tian, Y., Chen, Z., Su, A. Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy. J. Vis. Exp. (195), e64437, doi:10.3791/64437 (2023).

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