Transversely Heated Graphite Atomizer
Transversely Heated Graphite Atomizer - Related Videos
08:25
Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice
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Cited by 262 •
2010
Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.
07:40
Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice
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Cited by 42 •
2017
Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.
01:52
Atomic Mass
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2020
Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which are...
02:44
Atomic Orbitals
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2020
An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud. The angular momentum...
12:48
Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
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Cited by 7 •
2013
We describe a method to quantify the activity of K+-countertransporting P-type ATPases by heterologous expression of the enzymes in Xenopus oocytes and measuring Rb+ or Li+ uptake into individual cells by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method is a sensitive and safe alternative to radioisotope flux experiments facilitating complex kinetic studies.
FAQs
Heating across the tube through its furnace wall creates a controlled temperature program throughout the atomizer. This supports sequential drying, charring, and atomization of a small sample, while the graphite environment and inert gas help limit oxidation. The resulting thermal control promotes formation of free atoms that can interact with element-specific light for measurement.
Each heating stage serves a different analytical purpose. Drying removes the sample solvent, charring prepares the residue, and atomization produces free atoms from the analyte. The final absorption signal depends on how effectively the target element enters the atomic state, so controlled heating is central to obtaining a measurable relationship between absorbance and concentration.
The inert gas limits oxidation while the graphite tube undergoes intense heating. This protects the atomization environment as the biological sample is converted through its thermal stages and helps maintain conditions suitable for producing free atoms. Without controlling oxidation, the furnace environment could interfere with the process that generates the absorption signal used for elemental measurement.
A small biological sample is introduced into the graphite tube, then subjected to a programmed sequence of drying, charring, and atomization. During atomization, the released atoms absorb light selected for the element being measured. The instrument records absorbance and uses that signal to indicate the concentration of the target trace element.
The technique is suited to small biological samples, including blood, tissues, cells, and other biological materials. It can support trace-metal measurements for elements such as lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc. This makes it relevant when researchers need elemental information from limited biological material rather than a large sample volume.
Microliter-scale requirements allow measurements when only a small amount of biological material is available. That is particularly relevant for samples such as cells or limited blood and tissue specimens. The combination of small volume and high sensitivity enables researchers to investigate trace concentrations of metals without requiring extensive biological material for each analysis.