动脉置管

Arterial line placement is needed when patients require exact, specific, and reliable blood pressure measurements. This includes critically ill patients with extreme low blood pressure from sepsis or cardiogenic shock, or extreme high blood pressure from cerebrovascular accident or hypertensive emergency. Patients on vasoactive medications requiring gradual blood pressure adjustment or frequent arterial blood gas monitoring also benefit from intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring.

The Modified Allen's test evaluates adequate collateral blood flow to the hand through the ulnar artery. The patient makes a fist while both radial and ulnar arteries are occluded, then releases their fist. The hand should turn pink within 1-3 seconds after releasing ulnar artery pressure, indicating proper ulnar artery function and safe radial artery cannulation.

Place the patient's arm on a flat surface in supine position with the wrist adequately exposed. Position the hand in dorsiflexion and support it with a gauze roll under the dorsal aspect, then secure with tape. This positioning brings the radial artery closer to the skin's surface, aiding successful cannulation and maintaining proper needle angle during the procedure.

In the over-the-wire technique, after observing the initial blood flash, a wire is advanced gently into the vessel while the needle is removed, then the catheter is threaded over the wire. In the over-the-needle technique, the needle is advanced a few millimeters more after the flash, and the catheter is gradually advanced as the needle angle reduces to approximately 10 degrees. Both techniques require careful pressure control on the catheter during needle or wire removal.

The first blood flash appears bright red and indicates successful arterial puncture. Because the radial artery is small, the flash can be easily missed, and failure to identify it may lead to vessel puncture rather than successful cannulation. Careful observation of the hub for this initial bright red flash is essential before advancing the needle or wire further into the vessel.

Essential supplies include antiseptic skin prep pads such as chlorhexidine, 1% lidocaine with needle for anesthesia, an arterial line introducer kit (over-the-needle or with guide wire), zero silk suture material with needle driver and scissors, tape, gauze, sterile dressing, and an arm board for some patients. Personal protective equipment includes sterile gloves, mask, and face shield to prevent exposure.

Successful placement is confirmed by pulsatile blood flow from the catheter hub. After securing the line with sutures and sterile dressing, assess perfusion by performing capillary refill on the patient's hand. Normal capillary refill should show fingers turning pink within 1-3 seconds, indicating adequate blood flow and successful arterial line placement without compromising hand circulation.