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JoVE Journal Medicine

Medicine

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published: September 7, 2013 doi: 10.3791/50670
Automatic Translation
1,2, 1,3, 1,2, 1,2,3,4
1The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 2Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Summary

Epidermal melanin is induced by topical application of forskolin in a murine model of the fair-skinned UV-sensitive human. Pharmacologic manipulation of cAMP levels in the skin and epidermal darkening strongly protect against UV-mediated inflammation (sunburn) as measured by the minimum erythematous dose (MED) assay.

Abstract

Fairness of skin, UV sensitivity and skin cancer risk all correlate with the physiologic function of the melanocortin 1 receptor, a Gs-coupled signaling protein found on the surface of melanocytes. Mc1r stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production which, in turn, up-regulates melanocytic production of melanin in the skin. In order to study the mechanisms by which Mc1r signaling protects the skin against UV injury, this study relies on a mouse model with "humanized skin" based on epidermal expression of stem cell factor (Scf). K14-Scf transgenic mice retain melanocytes in the epidermis and therefore have the ability to deposit melanin in the epidermis. In this animal model, wild type Mc1r status results in robust deposition of black eumelanin pigment and a UV-protected phenotype. In contrast, K14-Scf animals with defective Mc1r signaling ability exhibit a red/blonde pigmentation, very little eumelanin in the skin and a UV-sensitive phenotype. Reasoning that eumelanin deposition might be enhanced by topical agents that mimic Mc1r signaling, we found that direct application of forskolin extract to the skin of Mc1r-defective fair-skinned mice resulted in robust eumelanin induction and UV protection 1. Here we describe the method for preparing and applying a forskolin-containing natural root extract to K14-Scf fair-skinned mice and report a method for measuring UV sensitivity by determining minimal erythematous dose (MED). Using this animal model, it is possible to study how epidermal cAMP induction and melanization of the skin affect physiologic responses to UV exposure.

Introduction

The incidence of melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer, has increased dramatically over the last several decades in United States, particularly among fair-skinned individuals. Strong molecular and epidemiologic evidence implicates UV radiation as a major causative environmental factor 2-5. Increased UV exposure in the form of sun exposure and tanning bed use is likely to be responsible for much of increases in melanoma incidence 6-7. Melanoma risk seems particularly linked with sunburns 8, especially those early in life 9-10. Risk of sunburn is linked not only to dose and intensity of UV exposure, but also by inherited factors that influence cutaneous response to UV radiation. Skin pigmentation is one of the most important determinants of UV sensitivity, risk of sunburn and cancer risk. Melanoma occurs roughly twenty times more frequently in light-skinned persons compared to dark-skinned individuals 11-13.

Melanin, a pigment produced by melanocytes in the epidermis, is the main determinant of skin complexion. Melanin comes in two major varieties: (1) eumelanin, a dark brown/black pigment effective at absorbing the energy of UV radiation, and (2) pheomelanin, a reddish/blonde pigment less effective at preventing penetration of UV photons into the skin. Skin color, UV sensitivity and melanoma risk are largely determined by epidermal eumelanin content 14-15. The more eumelanin in the epidermis, the less UV photons can penetrate into the skin. Because of low innate levels of eumelanin, fair-skinned individuals are much more prone to acute and chronic effects of UV radiation 16-18.

Skin pigmentation, melanoma risk and the ability to "tan" after UV exposure all correlate with the signaling ability of the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r), a Gs-coupled seven transmembrane surface receptor on melanocytes 19-22. When Mc1r binds its cognate high-affinity ligand, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), there is activation of adenylyl cyclase and production of the second messenger cAMP 23. The normal physiologic response of the skin after UV exposure includes epidermal production of α-MSH by keratinocytes 24-29. We and others hypothesize that keratinocyte-derived α-MSH binds to Mc1r on epidermal melanocytes, initiating downstream production of the cAMP second messenger through activation of adenylyl cyclase 30. cAMP levels control many aspects of melanocyte differentiation, including survival pathways, DNA repair and pigment synthesis. Mc1r signaling and cAMP clearly induce pigment enzyme levels and eumelanin production. When Mc1r signaling is intact and melanocytic cAMP levels are robust, eumelanin is produced and the skin darkens. However, if Mc1r signaling is defective and cytoplasmic cAMP levels remain low, pheomelanin is produced instead 1. Eumelanin synthesis can be stimulated pharmacologically by agents that raise cAMP levels 1,14,31-35.

Since the Mc1r protein is a major regulator of melanoma risk in humans 36-46, we are interested in mechanisms by which Mc1r protects melanocytes against UV-induced carcinogenesis. As a foundation for our studies, we generated a transgenic Mc1r-variant murine model on a pure C57BL/6 genetic background 1. In this model, stem cell factor (Scf) is constitutively expressed in the basal epidermis and epidermal interfollicular melanocytes are retained in the skin throughout life 47, in contrast to the non-transgenic mice in which melanocytes localize to the dermis in hair follicles. With the K14-Scf transgene incorporated, the epidermis becomes pigmented with the particular melanin pigments characteristic of the pigment strain of the animal 1. K14-Scf mice on the C57BL/6 genetic background with wild type Mc1r signaling have jet-black skin characterized by very high levels of eumelanin pigment. Not surprisingly, these animals are highly UV-resistant. In contrast, genetically matched K14-Scf C57BL/6 animals that harbor a mutant inactive Mc1r have almost no eumelanin in the epidermis. Instead, these "extension" animals (Mc1re/e) have a fair skin complexion caused by deposition of pheomelanin pigment (Figure 1A) and are much more UV-sensitive 48-49.

Pharmacologic compounds with chemical properties that allow penetration into the skin have been shown to potently induce eumelanin in the extension (Mc1re/e) K14-Scf animal model by directly manipulating cAMP levels in epidermal melanocytes in the skin. Melanin upregulation in this model has been reported by adenylyl cyclase activation 1 as well as phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition 35. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and topical application of forskolin in extension (Mc1re/e) K14-Scf animals which model the fair-skinned UV-sensitive human. We show that twice daily application of the drug promotes accelerated melanization, that skin darkening is due to epidermal deposition of melanin pigment and that induced epidermal melanin protects against UV-induced sunburn through measurement of "minimal erythematous dose" (MED) 48.

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Protocol

1. Preparation of Forskolin for Topical Administration from a Crude Root Extract of the Plectranthus barbatus (Cohleus forskohlii) Plant

  1. Protocols for murine experiments followed the guidelines for ethical conduct in the care and use of animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Kentucky (Protocol # 00768M2004). The root extract is made up at 40% weight/volume in a standard dermatologic base of 70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol.
  2. Weigh 200 g of crude forskolin root extract and transfer it to a beaker. To make 500 ml of a 40% (w/v) solution, resuspend 200 g of crude forskolin root extract by adding most but not all of the volume of the vehicle (70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol) and bring the solution to roughly 450 ml.
  3. Stir for an hour at room temperature. The solution will be somewhat viscous and may require manual agitation to "lift" the extract into solution before the stir bar is able to take over.
  4. After an hour of stirring, pour the mixture into a graduated cylinder and bring the volume to 500 ml using vehicle that has been used to "rinse out" the beaker that was used to stir the slurry (to maximize recovery of forskolin from the beaker).
  5. Transfer the slurry to 50 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge (1,500 x g, room temperature, 15 min) using a table-top centrifuge. At this point, the insoluble material will be fairly compacted, allowing the supernatant to be easily poured off.
  6. Filter the solution through a 0.22 μm cellulose acetate membrane to remove any residual insoluble material from the extract. We use a bottle-top system designed for cell culture, along with the use of pre-filters that come with the unit to prevent premature clogging of the membrane from insoluble components of the root extract. When making large volumes of the extract, filter roughly 100 ml at a time, changing the pre-filter between each added volume.
  7. When stored at room temperature, the extract maintains biologic activity up for up to one year.

2. Preparation of C57Bl/6 K14-Scf Mice for Topical Treatments

  1. Remove dorsal fur from the animals by electric shearing. Briefly anesthetize the animals with inhalational isoflurane to facilitate shearing of dorsal fur with electric shears outfitted with a 0.25 mm surgical preparatory head (Fisher Scientific). Preferably only use one type of anesthesia (e.g. ketamine/xylazine) to minimize risk of anesthetic overdose. The saturated inhalation chamber carries occupational risk when used outside a fume hood and delivers unknown amounts of anesthetic to animals. Ideally a precision vaporizer should be used.
  2. To remove residual hair stubble, treat the animals with a chemical depilatory. Administer anesthesia to the animal with an i.p. injection of ketamine 40 mg/kg and xylazine 4 mg/kg
  3. Once animals are adequately anesthetized (as judged by toe pinch), apply a fingertip-sized amount of depilatory cream to sheared dorsal skin using a gloved finger. Rub the cream into the skin for 30-60 sec or until hairs can clearly be seen in the cream as it is being moved around. Leave the cream on only for the minimum amount of time required for hair removal as prolonged exposure leads to chemical burning of the skin, epidermal breakdown and death from loss of epidermal integrity.
  4. Wipe the dorsal skin with water-soaked gauze pads repeatedly until all cream has been removed. Dry animals using soft paper towels, and allow them to recover in a warm secluded location (e.g. clean cages placed on a warming pad). Depilate the animals one-by-one and monitor closely throughout the procedure.

3. Topical Administration of Forskolin or Vehicle Control

  1. Animals should be treated one at a time. Briefly anesthetize with inhaled isoflurane by placing the mouse on top of a form-fitted nylon air-permeable filter under which has been placed an isoflurane-saturated paper towel in an isoflurane-saturated lidded clear glass jar in a fume hood. Expose the mouse to isoflurane for a sufficient time as to suppress voluntary muscular movements but to preserve spontaneous respiration (typically 10-20 sec). Leaving the animal in isoflurane too long will result in respiratory suppression and death. It is better to err on the side of "going light" and having to re-expose the mouse briefly to more isoflurane rather than to over-expose the animal to the drug and risk death.
  2. Remove the animal from the isoflurane chamber and place on a clean absorbent bench pad.
  3. Using a 1,000 μl micropipette outfitted with a disposable polypropylene tip, draw up 400 μl of 40% crude forskolin extract (vehicle control animals will receive 70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol alone).
  4. Transfer the extract onto the back of the animal by dripping it onto the skin and then, using the side of the pipette tip, smear the extract over the dorsal skin until all the skin has been covered. There is no need to blot the skin after application.
  5. Return the mouse to its cage, and carefully observe until it recovers from anesthesia.
  6. In order that non-pigment cAMP effects should not confound UV sensitivity experiments, discontinue all topical treatments 2 days prior to UV exposure (pigment effect lasts several days beyond last topical treatment).

4. Skin Color Measurement by Reflective Colorimetry

  1. Briefly anesthetize the mouse with inhaled isoflurane (see above).
  2. Calibrate a Minolta colorimeter by placing the portable head on the standardized white surface provided with the colorimeter.
  3. Place the portable measuring head of the colorimeter flush with the dorsal skin of the animal ensuring that the 1 cm2 round aperture is completely pressed onto the skin. Take at least three separate measurements in different areas of dorsal skin.
  4. Calculate mean L* score ± SD per animal and per treatment group. Reflective colorimetry can be done at any point in the experiment.

5. Determination of UV Sensitivity by Calculation of "Minimal Erythematous Dose" (MED)

  1. Use animals that have been pre-treated with either vehicle or forskolin as described above. Anesthetize animals with intraperitoneal injection of a standard mixture of ketamine and xylazine (see above).
  2. Prepare a piece of UV-occlusive tape for MED testing. To generate holes in the tape, use a heavy-duty hole punch with a 1 cm2 circular cutout (Figures 2A and B). Having holes of a defined size and symmetric arrangement in the tape facilitates recognition of skin changes after irradiation. Over each hole in the tape, apply a small but easily detachable piece of tape that can be removed at defined times during UV exposure to allow administration of different UV doses.
  3. Once animals are adequately sedated, place the tape on the dorsal surface. Eye lubricant should always be utilized under anesthesia.
  4. Turn on the UV source consisting of two Westinghouse F15T8UV-B lamps with a peak output of 313 nm and a range of 280-370 nm. Allow the lamp to equilibrate to a constant UV output as measured by a UV photometer with a UVB sensor (generally takes a few minutes for the lamps to warm up).
  5. Based on the UV transmission rate as measured by the UV Photometer, calculate UV exposure time for each desired dose. For example, our lamp's UVB output measures 2.4 mW/cm2. Therefore, to administer 5 kJ/m2, the skin would need to be exposed to 208 sec (which is 3 min and 28 sec) of UVB radiation, as calculated below:
    Equation 1
  6. Place sedated animals (each with occlusive tape in place) ventral surface down to ensure even UV exposure. To administer the chosen doses of UV radiation, sequentially remove the small occlusive tapes covering the holes to expose 1 cm2 areas of skin to the correct doses of radiation. Therefore, using the above example, if 40 kJ/m2 is the largest dose in the experiment, then the animal would be under the lamp for 27 min and 47 sec total and the skin in the 40 kJ/m2 condition would have no overlying tape the entire time. However, tape overlying the 5 kJ/m2 condition would be removed when there is 208 sec remaining in the exposure. Timing of tape removal should be done so that each condition ends simultaneously.
  7. After UV exposure, peel off the tape from the dorsal skin carefully, taking care not to rip the skin with sudden or overly-forceful movements. Place animals in a warm quiet place to allow recovery from anesthesia.
  8. Monitor mice for 24-48 hr to look for discreet areas of erythema (redness) or edema (swelling) corresponding to the anatomic sites exposed to the specific dose of UV irradiation. Document skin findings photographically.
  9. MED value corresponds to the minimum dose of UV that causes inflammation as defined by erythema and/or edema of the entire exposed circle of skin. Note that pigmentation of the skin can challenge determination of MED, however, erythema and edema can still generally be accurately assessed, thanks in part to the defined shape of the apertures in the tape during UV exposure.

6. Statistical Analysis

Analyze data between cohorts of mice by one way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test (Graph Pad PRISM). p values <0.05 are considered statistically significant.

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Representative Results

C57BL/6 mice were generated on eumelanotic, pheomelanotic or amelanotic backgrounds incorporating the K14-Scf transgene as described (Figure 1A). Cohorts of fair-skinned extension (Mc1re/e, Tyr+/+) mice were treated topically with twice daily doses of either vehicle (70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol) or 40% crude Coleus forskohlii root extract (80 μM per dose) for 5 days (Figure 2B). Effects of topical treatments on epidermal pigmentation were determined both by visual inspection and by reflective colorimetry (Figure 1B). Application of the root extract was associated with robust epidermal darkening in the K14-Scf transgenic background but not in genetically-matched non-transgenic animals. We interpret these results to indicate that interfollicular epidermal melanocytes must be present in order for pharmacologically-induced melanin to be deposited in the epidermis. Though the root extract is deeply colored because of the presence of plant phytochemicals besides forskolin, skin darkening cannot be solely due to a dyeing effect from the drug, as non-transgenic animals fail to exhibit skin darkening with the root extract (Figure 1B). When applied in a twice daily manner, melanizing effects of topically-applied forskolin can be noted in as little as 2 days, although maximal darkening is realized after several more days (Figure 1C). Degree of melanization is dose-dependent, as shown by Fontana-Masson melanin staining of dorsal skin sections treated with different concentrations of the drug (Figure 1D).

Next, the effect of topically-applied forskolin on UV sensitivity was determined by MED testing in extension mice (Mc1re/e, Tyr+/+) as outlined above (Figures 2 A and B). MED determination was compared between animals treated with an accelerated drug treatment (twice a day administration for 5 days, 10 total doses) versus a standard approach (once daily administration for 15 days, 15 total doses). Non-transgenic mice were included to control for non-melanin drug effects. Both treatments resulted in similar amounts of skin darkening in forskolin-treated K14-Scf animals. Specifically, L* (reflective colorimetry white-black scale) values for forskolin-exposed animals were 31.9±1.8 and 31.1±1.6 for accelerated application vs. standard application, respectively. There were no obvious toxic effects from forskolin exposure in either treatment group, thus, we concluded that accelerated forskolin administration (two times a day for 10 total doses, 80 μM per dose) promoted safe melanization of the dorsal skin as effectively as that used previously (once a day for 15 total doses, 80 μM per dose).

Forskolin-induced epidermal melanization resulted in profound UV protection as judged by MED (Figures 2C-D). Thus, whereas mean MED for K14-Scf extension mice treated for twice for 5 days with vehicle was 5.0 ± 0.0 kJ/m2, average MED for cohorts treated with topical forskolin was > 30.0±0.0 kJ/m2 (Figures 2 A and C). In fact, a dose of 30.0 kJ/m2 was insufficient to generate erythema in this experiment. Using standard forskolin dosing (once a day for 15 total doses, 80 μM per dose), we found that average MED for K14-Scf extension mice treated with forskolin was 50.0 ± 7.1 kJ/m2 (Figure 2 B,D). Importantly, forskolin pre-treatment did not affect MED of animals incapable of melanization, either because of lack of K14-Scf-mediated epidermal melanocytes (Figures 2C,D) or because of tyrosinase deficiency (Figure 2E). Since forskolin applications were discontinued 2 days prior to UV exposure and were not continued after UV exposure, we conclude that non-pigmentary cAMP effects did not play a role in MED results. Rather, the data suggest that epidermal melanization was the mechanism by which forskolin induced UV protection in this model.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Topical treatment of forskolin promotes skin darkening in fair-skinned extension (Mc1re/e) mice. (A) Photographs of C57BL/6 animals used in this study. Animals are genetically matched except at the melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) and tyrosinase (Tyr) loci. Note that pigmentation is eumelanotic (black) when Mc1r is functional but pheomelanotic (blondish) when Mc1r is defective, as is the case with the extension (Mc1re/e) mutant. Epidermal pigmentation depends on retention of interfollicular epidermal melanocytes in the skin by the K14-Scf transgene, and can easily be seen in the ears. (B) Photographs of extension (Mc1re/e) K14-Scf or non- transgenic animals treated with 400 μl of vehicle control (70% ethanol 30% propyl glycol) or 40% w/v (80 μM) forskolin applied twice daily to the shaved dorsal skin for 5 days, total of 10 applications. Skin color measurements by reflective colorimetry were performed for each group. Reflective colorimetry results are reported as mean (± SD) reflectometry units on the L* (black-white) color axis. Note that topical administration of forskolin caused robust skin darkening in K14-Scf transgenic animals but not in non-transgenic mice. (C) Time course experiment showing darkening of the forskolin-treated ear of K14-Scf extension mice for the indicated times (forskolin-treated ears are indicated by the blue triangles). Vehicle was applied to the right ear for comparison. (D) Fontana-Masson stained skin sections taken from animals treated with the indicated doses of forskolin as described. Click here to view larger figure.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Forskolin-induced melanization protects against UV-mediated inflammation as determined by minimal erythematous dose (MED) testing. (A,B) Position of UV occlusive tape and UVB doses of animals treated twice daily for 5 days (A,C) or once daily for 15 days (B,D,E) with either vehicle or forskolin. The last topical treatment was applied 48 hr prior to irradiation. Dorsal skin was exposed to various doses of UVB by using UV-occlusive tape with punched-out 1 cm2 circular apertures, and varying exposure times to yield the appropriate dose. After irradiation, circles of exposed skin were labeled with a pen in some experiments. MED's, defined by erythema and/or edema of the entire circle of exposed skin to a particular dose, were determined 48 hr after exposure. The MED ± SD results are reported as kJ/m2 UVB, * p≤0.001. (E) Skin color reflectometry and MED values for tyrosine-deficient K14-Scf albino extension mice treated for 10 days with vehicle or forskolin. Click here to view larger figure.

Figure 3
Figure 3. Overall schema of the experiment. Cohorts of extension (Mc1re/e) K14-Scf or non-transgenic animals were prepared by removing the dorsal fur by electric shearing and/or chemical depilation. Animals were then treated with topical applications of either vehicle (70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol) or with 40% crude forskolin extract by the dosing schedules indicated. Effects on skin pigmentation were documented photographically, colorimetrically and by Fontana-Masson melanin staining. UV sensitivity was determined by minimal erythematous dose (MED) testing.

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Discussion

Using an animal model of the fair-skinned human, we find that topical application of a forskolin-rich crude root extract robustly darkens the epidermis by stimulating melanin production in the skin. Epidermal melanization is dependent on the expression of stem cell factor in the basal epidermis, as occurs in human skin but not in genetically-unmodified mouse skin. The dorsal skin of genetically-unmodified mice lacks sufficient numbers of interfollicular melanocytes to impart pigment to the skin. Only in the setting of constitutive expression of a melanocyte growth factor such as stem cell factor (kit ligand) or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) can melanocytes be retained in the basal layer of the epidermis throughout the life of the animal 50-51. Our animal model of the fair-skinned human is based on incorporation of the K14-Scf transgene into the extension pigment variant of the C57BL/6 murine line. Although animals of any age can be used, our experiments typically involve young adult (4-12 weeks of age) mice. Because of a truncated melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) that leads to loss of cAMP signaling, extension mice express pheomelanin preferentially in the coat and skin (in the K14-Scf or HGF-Met transgenic states) rather than eumelanin 52-54. As a result of altered melanin expression, K14-Scf extension mice are much more UV-sensitive than their Mc1r-wild type counterparts, which have jet-black skin due to abundant deposition of epidermal eumelanin pigment 1. We reasoned that since eumelanin production is greatly diminished in the setting of a mutant Mc1r, that pharmacologic stimulants that mimic Mc1r signaling might rescue eumelanin production. Mc1r is a Gs-coupled transmembrane receptor that, upon binding of its high-affinity ligand α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), transmits pro-differentiation signals to the melanocyte cytoplasm via adenylyl cyclase activation and production of the second messenger cAMP. Thus, we hypothesized that topical application of forskolin, a cell-permeable diterpenoid that is a potent direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, might be able to promote eumelanin production in the Mc1r-defective, pheomelanotic state.

Using purified forskolin for these studies, however, proved cost-prohibitive. Early experiments determining the minimum amount of forskolin required for epidermal darkening in the K14-Scf extension model suggested that maximal darkening occurred with the use of a 40% weight per volume solution using crude extract that contained 20% (weight per weight) of forskolin. We calculate that application of 400 μl of an 8% final forskolin (weight per volume; 40% x 20%) solution would result in the delivery of approximately 80 μM of forskolin to the dorsal skin each application. Of course, much of the delivered dose is not absorbed by the skin, instead being soaked up by surrounding fur or falling off the animal at the time of application. Thus it is difficult to report the exact realized dose that the animals receive with each application of the drug. Nonetheless, when applied in this manner, forskolin results in robust induction of pigment enzymes in the skin and production of eumelanin. In fact, K14-Scf transgenic extension animals demonstrated clear darkening of the skin after the second application (Figure 1C).

Although we have previously published skin darkening with daily application of the drug 1,48-49, here we show that twice daily application is associated with robust epidermal darkening and significant UV protection, suggesting that pharmacologic-induced melanization can be optimized by administration of the drug more frequently than one time a day. Skin darkening, which is due to eumelanin induction in the epidermis, lasts for as long as topical forskolin treatments are continued. Even chronic application (through three months) seemed well-tolerated by the mice 49. The increase in skin darkening is due to melanin synthesis rather than proliferation of melanocytes in the epidermis. 49. Once topical treatments are discontinued, the skin gradually fades back to its baseline fair complexion (over 2-3 weeks) as epidermal melanin is lost with normal keratinocyte renewal. Darkening of the skin can be easily determined by simple visual inspection of the mice, however skin color can be quantified objectively using reflective colorimetry 55-56. This method is a non-invasive quick and painless method for measuring skin color. Color can be accurately described using the L*a*b* (LAB) color space model 57-58.

For these experiments we relied on a crude root extract of the Coleus forskolii plant, the natural source of forskolin. This preparation was used because of the high cost of performing these experiments with purified forskolin. This experiment, for example, required roughly 2 g of forskolin total for twice daily application to six animals for five days. 2 g of commercially-available HPLC-purified forskolin would cost more than $20,000, compared to less than $5 for the crude extract. Though purified forskolin induced epidermal melanin in our animal model 1, we cannot rule out possible effects of other plant-derived compounds in the crude root extract including alkaloids, phenols and tannins. In fact, prior work using guinea pig or human skin explants suggested that compounds in the crude root extract may promote cutaneous absorption of forskolin 59. As yet, however, the identity and the mechanism of these compounds remain unknown. Thus, we cannot rule out modifying effects of other compounds present naturally in the crude root extract.

The compounded forskolin mixture is a dark brown liquid with an attractive spice-like aroma that is easily applied to the skin for topical application. Because the insoluble materials have been removed, daily application leaves no crusting or deposits once absorbed by the skin. Though the crude root extract is dark brown when prepared in this manner, skin darkening induced by the drug is not merely a dye effect, as demonstrated by fact that topical application of the compound on animals incapable of skin melanization (e.g. Mc1re/e tyrosinase-deficient albino animals or non-transgenic mice that lack epidermal melanocytes) had no effect on skin darkening (Figures 1B and 2E). We view these experiments as proof-of-concept demonstrations that manipulation of cAMP in the skin can induce UV-protective dark skin pigmentation. However, it is unlikely that topical administration of forskolin is a feasible or practical therapeutic option because of the non-specific nature of the drug. Indiscriminate and non-targeted activation of adenylyl cyclases and induction of cAMP might be expected to cause unacceptable toxicities. Importantly, others have shown that topical administration of a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (Rolipram), potently up-regulated melanin in the K14-Scf extension animal model, proving that cutaneous cAMP induction and melanization can be achieved by alternative pharmacologic targeting 35. Clearly, before topical manipulation of cAMP levels in the skin could be translated for human use, its safety will have to be carefully assessed. Nonetheless, our data strongly suggest that pharmacologically-induced melanization is UV-protective as determined by minimal erythematous dose (MED) testing.

In summary, topical administration of forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, resulted in a strong melanization of the epidermis of a murine model of the fair-skinned human based on defective cAMP signaling downstream of a defective melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r). Epidermal melanization was UV-protective, as measured by minimal erythematous dose (MED) testing. We hypothesize that pharmacologic cAMP manipulation can not only rescue UV-protective eumelanization of the epidermis, but other Mc1r-dependent UV-protective responses as well.

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Disclosures

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Malinda Spry for technical assistance. We also acknowledge current and past funding sources: the National Cancer Institute (R01 CA131075, R01 CA131075-02S1), the Wendy Will Case Cancer Research Fund, the Markey Cancer Foundation, the Children's Miracle Network and the Jennifer and David Dickens Melanoma Research Foundation.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Reagents
Coleus Forskoli extract 20% Buckton Scott USA Inc. n/a Princeton, NJ
Isothesia, Isoflurane , USP Butler Schein NCD 11695-6776-1 Dublin, OH, USA
Xylazine Anased Injection LA04612 Shenandoah, Iowa, USA
Ketamine HCl, USP Putney NDC 26637-411-01 St. Joseph, MO, USA
Ethanol Decon Labs. 2705
Propylene glycol Adesco 05751L Solon, OH, USA
Depilatory cream, Nair Church Dwight JF-11 4381322 Priceton, NJ
EQUIPMENT
Germicidal Hg Lamp UV-B Westinghouse F15T8UV-B
Radiometer photometer International light 1LT400A Peabody, MA,USA
Chromameter Konica Minolta CR-400 Ramsey, NJ, USA
Data Processor for Chromameter CR-400 Konica Monilta DR-400 Ramsey, NJ, USA

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References

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Epidermal Melanin Induction Sunburn Protection Humanized Mouse Model Melanocortin 1 Receptor Gs-coupled Signaling Protein Melanocytes Adenylyl Cyclase CAMP Production Melanin Production UV Injury Protection Stem Cell Factor (Scf) K14-Scf Transgenic Mice Eumelanin Pigment Deposition UV-sensitive Phenotype Mc1r Signaling Ability Topical Agents Forskolin Extract Natural Root Extract Application UV Sensitivity Measurement
Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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Amaro-Ortiz, A., Vanover, J. C.,… More

Amaro-Ortiz, A., Vanover, J. C., Scott, T. L., D'Orazio, J. A. Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model. J. Vis. Exp. (79), e50670, doi:10.3791/50670 (2013).

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