Imaging Ca²⁺ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Here, we present protocols to visualize calcium (Ca²⁺) responses elicited by HeLa cells infected by Shigella. By optimizing the parameters of bacterial infection and imaging with Ca²⁺ fluorescent probes, atypical global and local Ca²⁺ signals induced by bacteria over a large range of infection kinetics are characterized.