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Q1: What is the transwell migration assay and why is it used in cell biology?
The transwell migration assay, also called the Boyden chamber assay, is a classical technique designed in 1961 to quantify cell movement in response to chemical cues. It uses a simple chamber setup with a polycarbonate membrane separating two compartments. Scientists seed cells in the top chamber and place chemoattractant solution below, then count migrated cells to measure cell motility and cell invasion and chemo attraction responses.
Q2: How does the transwell chamber separate cells and chemoattractants?
The transwell chamber consists of a cylindrical insert with a polycarbonate membrane of defined pore size placed inside a multiwell plate well. This membrane divides the chamber into two compartments: the top compartment holds cells to be studied, and the bottom reservoir contains chemoattractant solution. Cells migrate through the membrane pores toward the attracting chemical gradient in the lower compartment.
Q3: What factors must be optimized before running a transwell migration assay?
Three critical factors require optimization: cell seeding density must be balanced to detect migration without overpopulation; pore size must match the cell type so cells can pass through without falling through; and chemoattractant concentration with appropriate incubation time must maintain a chemical gradient. Prolonged incubation can equilibrate the chemoattractant throughout the chamber, eliminating the gradient and confounding results.
Q4: How are adherent cells counted after migration in a transwell assay?
After incubation, the transwell membrane is fixed by dipping the insert into 70% ethanol and allowed to dry. Cell staining solution is then applied for approximately 30 minutes at room temperature. Following washing with buffer, the membrane is excised and placed on a microscope slide. Cells on the membrane's underside represent those that migrated and can be counted microscopically.
Q5: Why is protease-free medium used when preparing cells for the transwell assay?
Protease-free medium is essential because proteases can denature important membrane receptors that are critical for cell migration. Damaged receptors would impair the cell's ability to respond to chemoattractant signals, compromising the accuracy of migration measurements and potentially underestimating or misrepresenting the cell's true migratory capacity.
Q6: What are common research applications of the transwell migration assay?
Researchers use the transwell assay to evaluate chemoattractant properties of unknown compounds, test immune cell recruitment in response to infection, and study cancer cell invasion through extracellular matrices. The assay's adaptability allows scientists to examine migration in various contexts, from simple 2D membrane assays to complex 3D matrix invasion studies using fluorescent cell tracking.
Q7: How do adherent and non-adherent cells differ in transwell migration assays?
Adherent cells, like melanoma cells, stick to the membrane's underside after migration and are counted by fixing, staining, and microscopic observation of the membrane. Non-adherent cells, like sperm, migrate into the bottom reservoir solution and are counted using a hemocytometer. The counting method depends on the cell type's inherent adhesive properties.
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