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Neuroscience

一个 Published: August 7, 2013 doi: 10.3791/50688

Abstract

肠神经系统是一个庞大的网络运行长度的胃肠道功能控制肠胃蠕动的神经元和神经胶质细胞。混居的肌间神经丛的神经元和神经胶质细胞的分离和培养的过程描述。可维持原代培养7天以上,有连接的发展产生的神经元和神经胶质细胞。从底层的鼠标回肠或结肠环形肌和纵行肌条所附的肌间神经丛剥离酶消化。在无菌条件下,分离的神经元和神经胶质细胞的人口内的颗粒下离心将被保留,并镀上盖玻片。 24-48小时内发生,轴突生长和神经元可以通过泛神经标记。两天后,在文化,孤立的神经元动作电位观察膜片钳研究。此外,肠溶性神经胶质细胞也可以是认同“IED GFAP染色。密切同位语的神经元和神经胶质细胞网络形成于5 - 7天。肠溶性神经元,可单独直接使用的方法,如免疫组织化学,电生理,钙成像,单细胞PCR研究。此外,这种程序,可以在转基因动物中进行。这种方法是执行简单,价格低廉。总体而言,这一协议公开肠神经系统的组件容易被操纵的方式,使我们可以更好地发现ENS在正常和疾病状态的功能。

Introduction

肠神经系统(ENS)是神经和神经胶质细胞,贯穿整个胃肠道(GI)的庞大网络。 ENS消化功能控制的各个方面,包括蠕动,流体吸收/分泌,刺激的感觉, (审查见1)。它包含了超过500万个神经元,发现在脊髓以上,包含了每一个神经递质在大脑中发现的类。此外,ENS是独特的,它的功能会本能地从中枢神经系统2没有输入。 ENS的理解是至关重要的,不仅以了解其正常的生理作用,但了解其参与多种神经病变,它可以是先天性的(先天性巨结肠),收购(美洲锥虫病),继发疾病状态(糖尿病性胃轻瘫),药物诱导(阿片类药物的肠易激综合征),或因损伤(术后肠梗阻)1。此外,肠溶性神经元可以是一个重servoir病毒感染(水痘-带状疱疹)3。由于大脑和高水平的5 -羟色胺在肠道中的相似之处,旨在药物治疗中枢神经系统的缺陷通常有不必要的副作用ENS 2。值得注意的是,许多神经病变,如阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏病,没过多久,他们的出现在中央的神经元在肠道神经元的变化显示出类似的细胞,使ENS访问模型来研究这些疾病的发病机理4。因此,ENS的透彻理解谅解疾病状态和药物的副作用的预防和/或预测的必要性。

ENS的神经元,传统上一直研究在豚鼠使用5-7平片制剂或培养的神经元8。尽管在这个大的动物神经元可以很容易地在研究,这种模式有很大的局限性,包括缺乏转基因的菌株,缺乏这个物种的特定试剂,订购和住房这些学科相关的高昂成本。各种磕出系统,一个庞大的阵列,可用于在细胞培养技术结合其他方法,并且能够提供一个验证豚鼠模型小鼠肠神经系统模型的发展具有得天独厚的优势。

ENS包括三个丛运行的胃肠道的长度:外肠肌丛之间的纵向和环形肌是主要负责对肠道蠕动的行动,以及粘膜下层和粘膜的有机玻璃,(发现下和粘膜内,分别),这在很大程度上控制液体的吸收/分泌和刺激1的检测。这种方法开始与纵肌/肌间神经丛(LMMP)准备的隔离脱皮关闭胃肠道外的肌肉层。这极大地减少了污染问题时,涉及粘膜层中的隔离。其结果是,这个过程是理想的,为研究神经元控制的蠕动而不是分泌行动ENS。

这里介绍的方法在肠道神经元和神经胶质细胞混合培养的结果。至少两种不同的类型的神经元时,根据以往的电生理和免疫细胞化学的观察9。神经胶质细胞的存在是非常有利的,因为它们不仅是一种重要的细胞类型来研究自己的权利,但它们有助于肠道神经元10的生存和保持本地受体表达对神经细胞表面11。此外,肠道的神经胶质细胞上的缺陷可能会导致肠胃蠕动异常的疾病状态,创造“神经gliopathies 12。因此,这里提出ENS文化ŗesults在多种细胞类型,是调查的时机已经成熟。

这种方法的优点是便于隔离,廉价的工具要求,很短的时间掌握技术,由经验丰富的实验室工作人员。该方法的局限性包括低整体细胞产量高组织体积和排除ENS神经粘膜和粘膜下丛。此过程将是非常有利的学者在电生理学,免疫组化,单细胞PCR,和其他方法。

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Reagents
Fisherbrand Coverglass for Growth Cover Glasses (12 mm diameter) Fisher Scientific 12-545-82  
Poly-D-lysine Sigma P6407- 5 mg  
24-well cell culture plate CELLTREAT 229124 May use any brand
Laminin BD Biosciences 354 232  
ddH2O Can prepare in lab 
15 ml Sterile Centrifuge Tube Greiner Bio-one 188261 May use any brand
50 ml Sterile Centrifuge Tube Greiner Bio-one 227261 May use any brand
NaCl Fisher BioReagents BP358-212 MW 58.44
KCl Fisher BioReagents BP366-500 MW 74.55
NaH2PO4 .2H2O Fisher Chemicals S369-3 MW137.99
MgSO4 Sigma Aldrich M7506-500G MW 120.4
NaHCO3 Sigma Aldrich S6014-5KG MW 84.01
glucose Fisher Chemicals D16-1 MW 180.16
CaCl22H2O Sigma Aldrich C5080-500G MW 147.02
F12 media Gibco 11330  
Fetal Bovine Serum Quality Biological Inc. 110-001-101HI May use any brand
Antibiotic/antimycotic 100x liquid Gibco 15240-062  
Neurobasal A media Gibco 10888  
200 mM L-glutamine Gibco 25030164  
Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) Neuromics PR27022  
Sharp-Pointed Dissecting Scissors Fisher Scientific 8940 May use any brand
Dissecting Tissue Forceps Fisher Scientific 13-812-41 May use any brand
Cotton-Tipped Applicators Fisher Scientific 23-400-101 May use any brand
250 ml Graduated Glass Beaker Fisher Scientific FB-100-250 May use any brand
2 L Glass Erlenmyer flask Fisher Scientific FB-500-2000 May use any brand
Plastic rod (child's paint brush) Crayola 05 3516 May use any brand
Carbogen Airgas UN 3156 5% CO2
10 ml Leur-lock Syringe Becton Dickinson 309604 May use any brand
21 G x 1 1/2 in. Hypodermic Needle Becton Dickinson 305167 May use any brand
Collagenase type 2 Worthington LS004174  
Bovine Serum Albumin American Bioanalytical AB00440  
2 ml Microcentrifuge Eppendorf tubes Fisher Scientific 13-864-252 May use any brand
Nitrex Mesh 500 µM Elko Filtering Co 100560 May use any brand
Pipette Set Fisher Scientific 21-377-328 May use any brand
Sharpeining Stone Fisher Scientific NC9681212 May use any brand
Equipment
LabGard ES 425 Biological Safety Cabinet (cell culture hood) Nuaire NU-425-400 May use any brand
10 L Shaking Waterbath Edvotek 5027 May use any brand
Microcentrifuge 5417R Eppendorf 5417R May use a single larger centrifuge with size adapters
Allegra 6 Series Centrifuge Beckman Coulter 366816 May use any brand
HuluMixer Sample Mixer Invitrogen 15920D  
AutoFlow Water Jacket CO2 Incubator Nuiare NU-4750 May use any brand
Analytical Balance Scale Mettler Toledo XS104 May use any brand

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References

  1. Furness, J. B. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9 (5), 286-294 (2012).
  2. Gershon, M. D. The enteric nervous system: A second brain. Hosp. Pract. (Minneap). 34 (7), 31-32 (1999).
  3. Gershon, A. A., Chen, J., Gershon, M. D. A model of lytic, latent, and reactivating varicella-zoster virus infections in isolated enteric neurons. J. Infect. Dis. 197, 61-65 (2008).
  4. Wakabayashi, K., Mori, F., Tanji, K., Orimo, S., Takahashi, H. Involvement of the peripheral nervous system in synucleinopathies, tauopathies and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies of the brain. Acta. Neuropathol. 120 (1), 1-12 (2010).
  5. Hirst, G. D., Holman, M. E., Spence, I. Two types of neurones in the myenteric plexus of duodenum in the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 236 (2), 303-326 (1974).
  6. Clerc, N., Furness, J. B., Bornstein, J. C., Kunze, W. A. Correlation of electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of myenteric neurons of the duodenum in the guinea-pig. Neuroscience. 82 (3), 899-914 (1998).
  7. Rugiero, F., et al. Analysis of whole-cell currents by patch clamp of guinea-pig myenteric neurones in intact ganglia. J. Physiol. 538 (Pt. 2), 447-463 (2002).
  8. Jessen, K. R., Saffrey, M. J., Baluk, P., Hanani, M., Burnstock, G. The enteric nervous system in tissue culture. III. studies on neuronal survival and the retention of biochemical and morphological differentiation. Brain Res. 262 (1), 49-62 (1983).
  9. Smith, T. H., Grider, J. R., Dewey, W. L., Akbarali, H. I. Morphine decreases enteric neuron excitability via inhibition of sodium channels. PLoS One. 7 (9), e45251 (2012).
  10. Abdo, H., et al. Enteric glial cells protect neurons from oxidative stress in part via reduced glutathione. FASEB J. 24 (4), 1082-1094 (2010).
  11. Aube, A. C., et al. Changes in enteric neurone phenotype and intestinal functions in a transgenic mouse model of enteric glia disruption. Gut. 55 (5), 630-637 (2006).
  12. Bassotti, G., et al. Enteric glial cells and their role in gastrointestinal motor abnormalities: Introducing the neuro-gliopathies. World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (30), 4035-4041 (2007).
  13. Neal, K. B., Parry, L. J., Bornstein, J. C. Strain-specific genetics, anatomy and function of enteric neural serotonergic pathways in inbred mice. J. Physiol. 587 (Pt. 3), 567-586 (2009).
  14. Phillips, R. J., Walter, G. C., Powley, T. L. Age-related changes in vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract. Auton. Neurosci. 153 (1-2), 90-98 (2010).
  15. Furness, J. B. Types of neurons in the enteric nervous system. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 81 (1-3), 87-96 (2000).
  16. Gulbransen, B. D., Sharkey, K. A. Novel functional roles for enteric glia in the gastrointestinal tract. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9 (11), 625-632 (2012).
  17. Pomeranz, H. D., Rothman, T. P., Chalazonitis, A., Tennyson, V. M., Gershon, M. D. Neural crest-derived cells isolated from the gut by immunoselection develop neuronal and glial phenotypes when cultured on laminin. Dev. Biol. 156 (2), 341-361 (1993).
一个<em在体外</em从成年小鼠的肌间神经丛制备隔离肠道神经元和神经胶质
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Cite this Article

Smith, T. H., Ngwainmbi, J., Grider, More

Smith, T. H., Ngwainmbi, J., Grider, J. R., Dewey, W. L., Akbarali, H. I. An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse. J. Vis. Exp. (78), e50688, doi:10.3791/50688 (2013).

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