In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean,…

A z score (or standardized value) is measured in units of the standard deviation. It tells you how many standard deviations the value x is above (to…

The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are…

A percentile indicates the relative standing of a data value when data are sorted into numerical order from smallest to largest. It represents the…

Quartiles are numbers that separate the data into quarters. Quartiles may or may not be part of the data. To find the quartiles, first, find the…

In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the…

Box plots (also called box-and-whisker plots or box-whisker plots) give an excellent graphical image of the concentration of the data. They also show…

Outliers are observed data points that are far from the least squares line. They have unusual values and need to be examined carefully. Though an…

A standard box and whisker plot informs us about the spread of the data in a given sample. One can identify the minimum value, maximum value, first…

Development of this in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopic method enables the direct measurement of water, proteins, and lipids with depth resolution…

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a promising, novel method to aid in the assessment of bone quality in forensically relevant skeletal…

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and…