Chapter 23
Osmoregulation and Excretion

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life…

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance…

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert…

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and…

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal…

The number of patients with end-stage renal disease, and the number of kidney allograft recipients continuously increases. Episodes of acute…