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10.4:

์ง„ํ•ต ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด DNA

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ DNA๋Š”๋ง‰์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ•ต ๋‚ด์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์••๋ฐ€์—์„œDNA๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค์ด๋ผ๋Š”ํŠน์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ํŒฝํŒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹คํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ํ•ต๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹ธ๋Š” DNA๋Š”ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‰ดํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์†œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ DNA ํŒจํ‚ค์ง•์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‹จ์œ„์ด๋‹ค๋‰ดํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์†œ์€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ DNA๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ค„์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ผ์ฃผ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค๋‹ค์Œ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง• ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”๋‰ดํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์†œ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ DNA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฒจ์„œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์งˆ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์„ฌ์œ ์ƒ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด์—ผ์ƒ‰์งˆ์„ ๋” ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋ž€ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„์ฃผ ํŒฝํŒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ์••์ถ•๋œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ด๋‹ค

10.4:

์ง„ํ•ต ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด DNA

์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ(eukaryote)์€ ์›ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ(prokaryote)๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์ „์ฒด(genome)๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ DNA๋Š” ํ•ต ์•ˆ์— ์—„์ฒญ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค(histone)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ๊ฒจ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐDNA(linker DNA)์™€ ์ฝ”์ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์งˆ ์„ฌ์œ (chromatin fiber)๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์†œ(nucleosome)์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด(chromosome)๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์งˆ์„ ๋”์šฑ ์••์ถ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์ฒด

์ธ์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” 23์Œ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋กœ ํฌ์žฅ๋œ ์•ฝ 60์–ต ์Œ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ DNA๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ DNA๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์„ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ด๋ฐฐ์ฒด(diploid) ์„ธํฌ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ผ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 2๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!

์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์–‘์„œ๋ฅ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฝƒ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฝƒ์‹๋ฌผ Paris japonica์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์ฒด(haploid) ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์ฒด(haploid) ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 50๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ DNA๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค์€ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์งˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์ด DNA๋ฅผ ํฌ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Suggested Reading

Li, Guohong, and Danny Reinberg. “Chromatin Higher-Order Structures and Gene Regulation.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 21, no. 2 (April 2011): 175–86. [Source]