25.8:
้ๅฝๆฑบๅฎ
25.8:
้ๅฝๆฑบๅฎ
่็บ็ใซใใใฆใ็ดฐ่ใฏใ็นๅฎๅ(specification)ใใจใ้ๅฝๆฑบๅฎ(determination)ใใจใใ2ๆฎต้ใฎใใญใปในใ็ตใฆใๅพใ ใซ็ฐใชใ้ๅฝใซ่บซใใใ ใญใฆใใใพใใ็นๅฎๅใจใฏใๅๆ่ใฎไธ้จใๅใๅบใใใใฎ็ต็นใใใใช็ฟใซๅ ฅใใฆๅ็ดใชๅนๅฐใงๅน้คใใใชใฉใใฆใไธญ็ซ็ใซๅน้คใใใใฎๆดพ็็ฉใ่ฆณๅฏใใใใจใง็คบใใใพใใๅน้คใใใ้ ๅใใ่ใฎไธญใง้ๅธธ็ๆใใใใงใใใ็จฎ้กใฎ็ดฐ่ใ็ๆใใใฐใใใใฏใใฎ้ ๅใ็นๅฎใใใฆใใใใจใๆๅณใใพใใไธๆนใ้ๅฝๆฑบๅฎใจใฏใ่ใฎใใ้ ๅใๅใ้คใใๆงใ ใชใฟใณใใฏ่ณชใๆทปๅ ใใ่ค้ใชๅนๅฐใๅ ฅใใ็ฟใใ่ใฎๅฅใฎ้ ๅใชใฉใไธญ็ซใงใฏใชใ็ฐๅขใซ็ฝฎใใใใใงใๆๅพ ้ใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใ็ๆใใใใจใงใใ็นๅฎใจๆฑบๅฎใฏใ็ดฐ่ใฎ็บ็็ต่ทฏใซใใใ2ใคใฎ้ฃ็ถใใในใใใใงใใใๅบๆใฎๅฝขๆ ใจๆฉ่ฝใๆใคๆ็็ต็นใ็ๆใใใๆ็ตๆฎต้ใงใใๅๅใซๅ ็ซใคใใฎใงใใ
In Vitro ็นๅฎๅใฎ่จผๆ
็นๅฎๅใ็ ็ฉถใใใใใซใฏใ็ ็ฉถ่ ใฏใพใใ่ใฎใใพใใพใช้ ๅใฎๆญฃๅธธใชๆดพ็็ฉใ็่งฃใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใพใใใใใฏใ่ใฎ็บ็ๅๆใซ็ดฐ่ใๆ่ฒใพใใฏๆจ่ญใใ่ๅ จไฝใๅน้คใใฆใๆจ่ญใใใ็ดฐ่ใใฉใใซ่กใใใ็ฃ่ฆใใใใจใงไฝๆใใใพใใไพใใฐใใใฏใใชใฎๅ ดๅใ่ใฎไธญๅฟใใๅคใใๅ ดๆ๏ผ9ๆใจ3ๆใฎไฝ็ฝฎ๏ผใซ็ฅ็ตๅ ค็ดฐ่ใๅญๅจใใใใฎ็ดฐ่ใ็งปๅใใฆๆซๆขข็ฅ็ต็ณปใๅฝขๆใใใใจใๆใใใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ
้่ฆใชใฎใฏใใใใใฎ็ฅ็ตๅ คใๆฑบๅฎใใ้ ๅใฏใใฟใณใใฏ่ณชใใผใซใผใ็ดฐ่ใฟใคใใฎๆ็ขบใช็นๅพดใ็บ็พใๅงใใๅใฎใ่ใ3ๅฑคๆง้ ใซๅคๅใใใฎๅๆๆฎต้ใงๅใๅใใใจใใงใใใจใใใใจใงใใใทใฐใใซไผ้ๅ ๅญใฎไพ็ตฆๆบใจใชใใใ็ต็นใใในใฆๅใๅใใใณใฉใผใฒใณใๆปดไธใใใทใณใใซใชๅนๅฐใงๅน้คใใใจใๅ ธๅ็ใช็ฅ็ตๅ คใฎ่ปขๅๅ ๅญใ็บ็พใใ็ดฐ่ใ็ๆใใใพใใ่ๅณๆทฑใใใจใซใไธ้จใฎ็ดฐ่ใฏ็ต็น็ใฎๆฌไฝใใ้ขใใฆ็งปๅใใใใจใใ่ฆณๅฏใใใใใใใใฎ็ดฐ่้ๅฝใฎ็นๅพดใงใใใใใใฎๅฎ้จใซใใใ็ฅ็ตๅ คใฎๆๅฎใ่็บ็ใฎๅๆใซ่กใใใใใจใๆใใใซใชใใพใใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถใฎๅคใใฏใใฏใใชใง่กใใใฆใใพใใใใๆ่ฟใงใฏใฆใตใฎใงใๅใใใใชใใฟใผใณใฎๆๅฎใ่กใใใฆใใใใจใ็คบๅใใใฆใใใใใใใฎ็็ฉใฏใใใใใใใฎ่็บ็ใฎใขใใซใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใใฆใใพใใ
ๆๅฎใฎ่ๆฏใซใใใทใฐใใซใ็่งฃใใพใ
่ใฎใใ้ ๅใ็นๅฎใใใๅพใ็ ็ฉถ่ ใใกใฏใใฉใฎใใใซใใฆใฟใณใใฏ่ณชใฎใทใฐใใซใใใใฆ่ใฎไธญใงใฎ็ต็นใฎไฝ็ฝฎใใ็ดฐ่ใ็นๅฎใฎ็บ็็ต่ทฏใซ้ใ่พผใใใจใซใชใใฎใใๆใใใซใใใใจใซใ่ๅณใๆใฃใฆใใพใใ็ฅ็ตๅ คใซใคใใฆใฏใ้ชจๅฝขๆใฟใณใใฏ่ณชใ็ท็ถญ่ฝ็ดฐ่ๆ้ทๅ ๅญใชใฉใฎใฟใณใใฏ่ณชใฎ็ตใฟๅใใใใๅฐๆฅใฎ็ฅ็ตๅ คใซ้ฃๆฅใใ็ต็นใใใฎไธใซใใ็ต็นใใ็บใใใใฆใใใฎ็ดฐ่ใฎ้ๅฝใ่ชๅฐใใใใจใใใใฃใฆใใพใใใใฎใใใชใทใฐใใซใฏใใใใใฎ็ดฐ่ใง็น็ฐๅ ๅญใฟใณใใฏ่ณชใฎ็บ็พใ่ช็บใใ็ฅ็ตๅ ค็ต่ทฏใธใจๅฐใใฆใใใฎใงใใ
Suggested Reading
Simões-Costa, Marcos, and Marianne E. Bronner. “Insights into Neural Crest Development and Evolution from Genomic Analysis.” Genome Research 23, no. 7 (July 2013): 1069–80. [Source]
Simões-Costa, Marcos, and Marianne E. Bronner. “Establishing Neural Crest Identity: A Gene Regulatory Recipe.” Development (Cambridge, England) 142, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 242–57. [Source]
Bhatt, Shachi, Raul Diaz, and Paul A. Trainor. “Signals and Switches in Mammalian Neural Crest Cell Differentiation.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 5, no. 2 (February 2013). [Source]