26.8:
Parental Care
Many animals engage in parental care, behaviors that include the feeding, grooming, and protection of relatively helpless young offspring, thereby increasing their chance of survival.
Newborn mammals typically require a lot of parental care, which is usually provided by the mother who is their main source of food through nursing. Hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin that are involved in pregnancy and birth help initiate this maternal behavior.
Parental care is also very common in birds, starting even before hatching with the parents incubating, sitting on, their eggs to keep the developing embryos at the right temperature.
Even fish can provide parental care, and often it is the male that is the primary caretaker. For example, male jawfish engage in mouthbrooding, carrying the fertilized eggs in their mouths to protect their developing offspring.
26.8:
Parental Care
Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
Birds
Parental care can occur even before hatching in birds, when parents sit on their eggs to incubate them. After hatching, the parents provide food for their offspring, and may continue to brood their young to keep them warm. Both male and female birds provide parental care, depending on the species.
Mammals
In marsupial mammals, such as kangaroos, the embryos are often born at a very early stage and then crawl into their mother’s pouch. Here, the mother nurses and protects her offspring—sometimes for many months—until it can function more independently.
Placental mammals are born more developed than marsupials, but they still require a lot of care. Mammalian parental care is mostly provided by the mother, triggered by the hormones of pregnancy and birth and the necessity of lactation for providing nutrients. Nursing is an essential kind of mammalian parental care since the mother’s milk is the primary source of food for the young. Mammals also often lick their newborns and carry them around—grooming, protecting, and bonding with them.
About 5-10% of mammalian species are routinely cared for by both parents. For example, male monogamous prairie voles provide parental care. Since they only have one mate, they have a greater investment in the care of their offspring than vole species with multiple mates. In non-monogamous vole species, the mother provides the care.
Fish
In aquatic species that reproduce by external fertilization, such as most fish, males play a much greater role in parental care. This is likely because paternity can be more easily determined in these species compared to those that reproduce by internal fertilization. A large number of fish species have exclusively male parental care, with the males protecting the fertilized eggs and young in a nest, or even in their mouths.
Suggested Reading
Bales, Karen L. “Parenting in Animals.” Current Opinion in Psychology 15 (June 2017): 93–98. [Source]
Paul, Manabi, Shubhra Sau, Anjan K. Nandi, and Anindita Bhadra. “Clever Mothers Balance Time and Effort in Parental Care: A Study on Free-Ranging Dogs.” Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 11, 2017). [Source]