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29.5:

์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘

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– [๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ] ๋น„๋ก ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด์ง€์งˆํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ,์ง€๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์นœ5๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ™€๋กœ์„ธ ์ ˆ๋ฉธ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์€์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ธ๊ตฌํญ๋ฐœ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ,์นจ์Šต์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ž…, ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์›์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ํŒŒ๊ดด์™€ ๋†์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ์ง€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์€์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋“ค์„ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์ƒ์กด ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์‹๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋“ค์ด์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ํ•™๋Œ€๋กœ ์ข… ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์š”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋”์šฑ์ด ์นจ์Šต์ข… ์œ ์ž…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ํ†ตํ•ดํ† ์ฐฉ์ข…์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ฒœ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์นจ์Šต์ข…์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธฐ์˜จ์„ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ์ƒ์Šน์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋“ค์˜๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฒ ์ƒˆ์˜๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ํ–‰๋™ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

29.5:

์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘

์ง€์งˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฉธ์ข… ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์ ์‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€์งˆ์‹œ๋Œ€์ธ ํ™€๋กœ์„ธ(Holocene)์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฉธ์ข…์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ž ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์„ธ(Anthropocene)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 77์–ต ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  2060๋…„์—๋Š” 100์–ต ๋ช…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰(biomass; ํŠน์ • ์ข…์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰; ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ 36%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์ถ•์€ 60%, ์•ผ์ƒ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” 4%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ์˜ ์•ฝ 70%๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜์ด๊ณ  30%๋งŒ์ด ์•ผ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ„ํ˜‘ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋†์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋”์ŠคํŠธ ๋ณด์šธ(Dust Bowl)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋†๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‰์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋•…์„ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–•์€ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฎ๋Š” ํ† ์ข… ๋•…์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ”์ž์Šค์™€ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋ก  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋ก  ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„๊ณผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋†์—… ๊ด€ํ–‰์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ง€ ํญํ’์ด ์ผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž”ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํญํ’๊ณผ ๊ฒน์นœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋†์žฅ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ข…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์žฅ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋œ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋กœ์Šคํ†ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฟ”์˜์–‘๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ƒˆ ์‚ฌ์Šด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผ์‹์ž ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฑ์–‘ ๋ฌ˜๋ชฉ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”ผ์‹์ž ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์–‘๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์†์‹ค์˜ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋•… ์นจ์‹์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ƒˆ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์˜๋กœ์Šคํ†ค์— ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ณต์› ๋‚ด ๋ฐฑ์–‘๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ์žฌ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์–‘๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์˜ ์žฌ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ œํ’ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Suggested Reading

McLeman, Robert A., Juliette Dupre, Lea Berrang Ford, James Ford, Konrad Gajewski, and Gregory Marchildon. “What We Learned from the Dust Bowl: Lessons in Science, Policy, and Adaptation.” Population and Environment 35, no. 4 (June 1, 2014): 417–40. [Source]

Dobson, Andy P. “Yellowstone Wolves and the Forces That Structure Natural Systems.” PLoS Biology 12, no. 12 (December 23, 2014). [Source]

Bar-On, Yinon M., Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo. “The Biomass Distribution on Earth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 25 (June 19, 2018): 6506. [Sources]