2.5:
Self-Discrepancy Theory
According to the self-discrepancy theory, people hold beliefs about what they’re really like, as well as what they would ideally like to be and what they think they should be.
These three interpretations correspond to the actual self—the self that someone thinks they are; the ideal self—the self that one wants to be; and the ought self—the self that a person feels compelled to honor, regarding duties, obligations, and demands.
Ideally, people prefer to close the gap between their actual self and their ideal or ought beliefs. If they fall short, any discrepancies may lead to different emotional and motivational consequences.
For instance, the youngest boy is really a terrible singer—his actual self—but he aspires to be a rock star—his ideal self. When his sister calls him out, he feels dejected and ashamed as a result of the divergence.
In this situation, to pursue his ideal life goals, he uses a promotion focus—an emphasis on positive approaches and outcomes. That is, he concentrates on what it will be like to succeed and optimistically signs up for vocal lessons to improve his singing.
His sister, as her actual self, loses patience with the awful noise. Nonetheless, she feels agitated and guilty because her ought-self grasps being a loving and supporting sister. With respect to her ought self, here she’s motivated to use a prevention focus—an emphasis on avoiding negative outcomes and mitigating potential problems.
Due to her mismatch and sensitivity, she would like to escape and avoid her brother when he’s practicing, so she doesn’t lose her adoration for him.
Living up to ideal and ought standards—along with the self-control that’s involved—can be mentally taxing. As a result, an individual may experience ego depletion—a state in which someone lacks the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self-control.
Fortunately, most situations do not completely drain someone’s self-regulatory resources. For example, as the father enters the room with the pile of donuts, he quickly calls to mind how important it is for him to eat healthily.
His automatic tendency—bringing the goal to mind first—diminished any thoughts about the immediate temptation, and he could achieve his long-term objective of living a wholesome life with his family.
In the end, people can be motivated to regulate their behaviors in several ways.
2.5:
Self-Discrepancy Theory
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
According to the self-discrepancy theory, people hold beliefs about what they’re really like—their actual self—as well as what they would ideally like to be—their ideal self—and what they think they should be—their ought self. Ideally, people prefer to close the gap between their actual self and their ideal or ought beliefs. If they fall short, any discrepancies may lead to specific emotional and motivational consequences. For instance, someone who procrastinates likely experiences a discrepancy in their actual and ought selves—they don't complete a task but should be so they feel dissatisfied with their self (Orellana-Damacela, Tindale, & Suarez-Balcazar, 2000).
The theory is applicable to a number of other situations, including making career choices (Tsaousides & Jome, 2008) and understanding mental health (Veale et al., 2016).
Ego Depletion
While this term is accurately explained in the video, the concept itself has come under fire due to an inability to reproduce results that were originally published over 20 years ago. As a result, the entire literature surrounding ego depletion has been rendered suspect and should be consumed with caution (Radel, Gruet, & Barzykowski, 2019).
Suggested Reading
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Orellana-Damacela, L.E., Tindale, T.S., & Suarez-Balcazar, Y. (2000). Decisional and behavioral procrastination: How they relate to self-discrepancies. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 225–238.
Tsaousides, T., & Jome, L. (2008). Perceived career compromise, affect and work-related satisfaction in college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(2), 185–194.
Veale D., Miles S., Read J., Bramley S., Troglia A., Carmona L., Fiorito C., Wells H., Wylie K., & Muir G. (2016). Relationship between self-discrepancy and worries about penis size in men with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 17, 48-56.
Radel R., Gruet M., & Barzykowski K. (2019). Testing the ego-depletion effect in optimized conditions. PLoS One, 14(3):e0213026.