8.6:
Bystander Effect
Most people say that they would help someone else in an emergency, but their actions don’t necessarily line up with their intentions.
For instance, in a now famous case from 1964, a young woman named Kitty Genovese was brutally and fatally attacked at her apartment. Despite many people hearing her cries for help, no one called the police or came to assist.
This incident describes the bystander effect—a phenomenon that occurs when witnesses or bystanders do not volunteer to help someone in distress if other people are also present.
While there may be a number of obstacles to helping, one reason might be a concern for the situation: people may worry that attending to the person in trouble would endanger themselves.
However, if that’s the case, then why didn’t anyone help by simply calling the police from the safety of their well-lit apartment?
Ironically, even if her neighbors interpreted the event as an emergency, they likely assumed that someone else called for support. This explanation is called the diffusion of responsibility—a tendency for no one to help out when others are present because the accountability can be dispersed amongst many.
That is, the more people there are, the less likely an individual will take action. Conversely, the fewer people there are, the more likely someone will offer assistance.
Knowing this inclination paves a way to overcome the bystander effect. For example, for the person in need, making eye contact and directly asking them for help singles the bystander out from the crowd. As a result, they’re more likely to take responsibility for providing assistance.
They can then decide the best options for helping—such as making a phone call or seeking out another qualified person. While these steps seem intuitive, especially for those trained in serving others, a dutiful reminder to help those in an emergency never hurts.
8.6:
Bystander Effect
The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds. This story became famous because reportedly numerous residents in the apartment building heard her cries for help and did nothing—neither helping her nor summoning the police—though these have facts been disputed.
Based on this case, researchers Latané and Darley (1968) described a phenomenon called the bystander effect. The bystander effect is a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress. Instead, they just watch what is happening. Social psychologists hold that we make these decisions based on the social situation, not our own personality variables. Why do you think the bystanders didn’t help Genovese? What are the benefits to helping her? What are the risks? It is very likely you listed more costs than benefits to helping. In this situation, bystanders likely feared for their own lives—if they went to her aid the attacker might harm them. However, how difficult would it have been to make a phone call to the police from the safety of their apartments? Why do you think no one helped in any way? Social psychologists claim that diffusion of responsibility is the likely explanation. Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group (Bandura, 1999). Because there were many witnesses to the attack on Genovese, as evidenced by the number of lit apartment windows in the building, individuals assumed someone else must have already called the police. The responsibility to call the police was diffused across the number of witnesses to the crime. Have you ever passed an accident on the freeway and assumed that a victim or certainly another motorist has already reported the accident? In general, the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one person will help.
This text is adapted from OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX.