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29.10:

๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ „

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Conservation of Declining Populations

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์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์กด์€๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์›์ธ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‡ ํ‡ด ์›์ธ๊ณผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์กด ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ์˜ ๋ณต๊ท€๋Š”์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹คํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ๋Š” 2์ฐจ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ ๊ณต๋™ ๋‘ฅ์ง€, ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์˜ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ณต ๋‘ฅ์ง€์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ์˜ค๋žœ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค๋™๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ตœ์†Œ์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์›์ธ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ, ๋น„์žฌ๋ž˜ ์นจํˆฌ์ข… ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค์ฐธ์ƒˆ๋Š” 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์ข…์ข… ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์••๋„ํ•ด์„œ์ข…์ข… ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์••๋ ฅ ์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉดํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ๊ฒจ์šธ, ํฌ์‹์ž ์žฌ๋ž˜์ข…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค1960๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ณจ๊ธธ์„๋‘ฅ์ง€ ๋ฐ•์Šค๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ์ž์› ๋ด‰์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•ด์„œ์นจ์ž…์ข…์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ๋ฐ•์Šค ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋ฒˆ์‹์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋น„์žฌ๋ž˜ ์นจํˆฌ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์ž…๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€3.8cm์ด๋ฉด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ข… ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐํžˆ ์นจ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์กด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒˆ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ํšŒ๋ณต์ด ๋˜์–ด ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต๋‹ด์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ข…์ข…์ข…์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด์™€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณด์กด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™€์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

29.10:

๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ „

๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณด์ „์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€, ์ง„๋‹จ, ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณด์ „ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ, ๋Œ€์‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณด์ „ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ธ ๊ทœ๋ช…์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์œกํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ณด์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์šฐ์„ฌ๋œธ๋ถ€๊ธฐ(Lord Howe Woodhen)์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚จ ์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜์šฐ ์„ฌ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์€ ๋กœ๋“œ ํ•˜์šฐ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ๋ฒค ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ(Ben Miller) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋• ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฉธ์ข… ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ผ์ƒ ๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œธ๋ถ€๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ผ์ง€๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฌ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์žก์•„๋จน์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ฅ์ง€์™€ ์•Œ๋„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋ผ์ง€์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ž์†์€ ์•ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์„ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Suggested Reading

Collen, Ben, Louise McRae, Stefanie Deinet, Adriana De Palma, Tharsila Carranza, Natalie Cooper, Jonathan Loh, and Jonathan E. M. Baillie. "Predicting How Populations Decline to Extinction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366, no. 1577 (2011): 2577-586. [Source]

Peery, M. Zachariah, Steven R. Beissinger, Scott H. Newman, Esther B. Burkett, and Tony D. Williams. "Applying the Declining Population Paradigm: Diagnosing Causes of Poor Reproduction in the Marbled Murrelet." Conservation Biology 18, no. 4 (2004): 1088-098. [Source]