Chapter 27: Extracellular Matrix in Animals Back To Chapter

27.10: Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

X

Chapter 1: Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

30
1.1: What are Cells?
30
1.2: The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
30
1.3: Prokaryotic Cells
30
1.4: Eukaryotic Compartmentalization
30
1.5: Eukaryotic Evolution
30
1.6: Animal and Plant Cell Structure
30
1.7: Cytoplasm
30
1.8: The Nucleus
30
1.9: The DNA Helix
30
1.10: The Central Dogma
30
1.11: Mutations
30
1.12: Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes
30
1.13: Gene Families
30
1.14: Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?
30
1.15: Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Chapter 2: Biochemistry of the Cell

30
2.1: The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements
30
2.2: Functional Groups
30
2.3: Types of Chemical Bonds
30
2.4: Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules
30
2.5: Polymers
30
2.6: What are Lipids?
30
2.7: Structure of Lipids
30
2.8: Chemistry of Carbohydrates
30
2.9: Nucleic Acids
30
2.10: Protein and Protein Structures
30
2.11: pH Regulation in Cells
30
2.12: Chemistry of the Cell

Chapter 3: Energy and Catalysis

30
3.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
30
3.2: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
30
3.3: Enthalpy within the Cell
30
3.4: Entropy within the Cell
30
3.5: An Introduction to Free Energy
30
3.6: Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions in the Cell
30
3.7: The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength
30
3.8: Free Energy and Equilibrium
30
3.9: Non-equilibrium in the Cell
30
3.10: Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules
30
3.11: Introduction to Enzymes
30
3.12: Enzymes and Activation Energy
30
3.13: Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics
30
3.14: Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency
30
3.15: Catalytically Perfect Enzymes
30
3.16: Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis
30
3.17: Ligand Binding and Linkage
30
3.18: Cooperative Allosteric Transitions
30
3.19: Ribozymes
30
3.20: ATP Energy Storage and Release
30
3.21: ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis
30
3.22: Coupled Reactions

Chapter 4: Introduction to Metabolism

30
4.1: Overview of Metabolism
30
4.2: Carbohydrate Metabolism
30
4.3: Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase
30
4.4: Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase
30
4.5: Fates of Pyruvate
30
4.6: Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂
30
4.7: Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
30
4.8: Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism
30
4.9: Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules
30
4.10: Fats as Energy Storage Molecules
30
4.11: Regulation of Metabolism
30
4.12: Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Chapter 5: Protein Structure

30
5.1: What are Proteins?
30
5.2: Protein Organization
30
5.3: Protein Folding
30
5.4: Protein Families
30
5.5: Conservation of Protein Domains
30
5.6: Globular and Fibrous Proteins
30
5.7: Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
30
5.8: Protein Complex Assembly
30
5.9: Conjugated Proteins
30
5.10: Amyloid Fibrils

Chapter 6: Protein Function

30
6.1: Ligand Binding Sites
30
6.2: Protein-Protein Interfaces
30
6.3: Conserved Binding Sites
30
6.4: Cofactors and Coenzymes
30
6.5: Cooperative Allosteric Transitions
30
6.6: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
30
6.7: GTPases and their Regulation
30
6.8: Covalently Linked Protein Regulators
30
6.9: Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts
30
6.10: Mechanical Protein Function
30
6.11: Structural Protein Function
30
6.12: Protein Networks

Chapter 7: Structure and Organization of DNA

30
7.1: DNA as a Genetic Template
30
7.2: Structure of a Gene
30
7.3: Chromosome Structure
30
7.4: The Nucleosome
30
7.5: Chromatin Packaging
30
7.6: Euchromatin
30
7.7: Heterochromatin
30
7.8: Histone Modification
30
7.9: Lampbrush Chromosomes
30
7.10: Polytene Chromosomes

Chapter 8: DNA Replication and Repair

30
8.1: Base-pairing and DNA Repair
30
8.2: The DNA Replication Fork
30
8.3: Lagging Strand Synthesis
30
8.4: The Replisome
30
8.5: Proofreading
30
8.6: Replication in Prokaryotes
30
8.7: Replication in Eukaryotes
30
8.8: Telomeres and Telomerase
30
8.9: Overview of DNA Repair
30
8.10: Base Excision Repair
30
8.11: Nucleotide Excision Repair
30
8.12: Mismatch Repair
30
8.13: Fixing Double-strand Breaks
30
8.14: Homologous Recombination
30
8.15: Gene Conversion
30
8.16: DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle
30
8.17: Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Chapter 9: Transcription: DNA to RNA

30
9.1: What is Gene Expression?
30
9.2: RNA Structure
30
9.3: Types of RNA
30
9.4: Transcription
30
9.5: Bacterial RNA Polymerase
30
9.6: Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
30
9.7: General Transcription Factors
30
9.8: RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins
30
9.9: Transcription Elongation Factors
30
9.10: Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends
30
9.11: Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing
30
9.12: Chromatin Structure and RNA Splicing
30
9.13: Alternative RNA Splicing
30
9.14: Nuclear Export of mRNA
30
9.15: Transfer RNA Synthesis
30
9.16: Ribosomal RNA Synthesis
30
9.17: The Nucleolus
30
9.18: Additional Subnuclear Structures

Chapter 10: Translation: RNA to Protein

30
10.1: Translation
30
10.2: Ribosomes
30
10.3: tRNA Activation
30
10.4: Initiation of Translation
30
10.5: Termination of Translation
30
10.6: Improving Translational Accuracy
30
10.7: Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay
30
10.8: Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding
30
10.9: The Proteasome
30
10.10: Regulated Protein Degradation
30
10.11: Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Chapter 11: Control of Gene Expression

30
11.1: Cell Specific Gene Expression
30
11.2: Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps
30
11.3: Cis-regulatory Sequences
30
11.4: Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators
30
11.5: Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors
30
11.6: The Eukaryotic Promoter Region
30
11.7: Co-activators and Co-repressors
30
11.8: Master Transcription Regulators
30
11.9: Regulated mRNA Transport
30
11.10: mRNA Stability and Gene Expression
30
11.11: MicroRNAs
30
11.12: Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)
30
11.13: lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs
30
11.14: Epigenetic Regulation

Chapter 12: Membrane Structure and Components

30
12.1: What are Membranes?
30
12.2: Membrane Fluidity
30
12.3: Fluid Mosaic Model
30
12.4: Membrane Lipids
30
12.5: Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer
30
12.6: Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters
30
12.7: Membrane Carbohydrates
30
12.8: Membrane Proteins
30
12.9: Lipids as Anchors
30
12.10: Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins
30
12.11: Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels
30
12.12: Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins
30
12.13: Protein Diffusion in the Membrane
30
12.14: Membrane Domains
30
12.15: Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation
30
12.16: Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

Chapter 13: Membrane Transport and Active Transporters

30
13.1: The Significance of Membrane Transport
30
13.2: Membrane Transporters
30
13.3: Facilitated Transport
30
13.4: Primary Active Transport
30
13.5: ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview
30
13.6: ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps
30
13.7: ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps
30
13.8: ABC Transporters: Exporter
30
13.9: ABC Transporters: Importer
30
13.10: Glucose Transporters
30
13.11: Secondary Active Transport
30
13.12: Transcellular Transport of Solutes
30
13.13: Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine
30
13.14: Stomach pH Regulation

Chapter 14: Channels and the Electrical Properties of Membranes

30
14.1: Aquaporins
30
14.2: Non-gated Ion Channels
30
14.3: Ligand-gated Ion Channels
30
14.4: Voltage-gated Ion Channels
30
14.5: Mechanically-gated Ion Channels
30
14.6: Neuron Structure
30
14.7: Resting Membrane Potential
30
14.8: Resting Potential Decay
30
14.9: Action Potential
30
14.10: Channel Rhodopsins
30
14.11: Patch Clamp
30
14.12: Electrical Synapses
30
14.13: Chemical Synapses
30
14.14: Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters
30
14.15: Muscle Contraction
30
14.16: The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation
30
14.17: Long-term Potentiation
30
14.18: Long-term Depression

Chapter 15: Transmembrane Transport in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Peroxisomes

30
15.1: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
15.2: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
15.3: Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway
30
15.4: Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
15.5: Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane
30
15.6: Cotranslational Protein Translocation
30
15.7: Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER
30
15.8: Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER
30
15.9: Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER
30
15.10: Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane
30
15.11: GPI Anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane
30
15.12: Protein Modifications in the RER
30
15.13: Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER
30
15.14: Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER
30
15.15: The Unfolded Protein Response
30
15.16: Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response
30
15.17: Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane
30
15.18: Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER
30
15.19: Peroxisomes
30
15.20: Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

Chapter 16: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

30
16.1: Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport
30
16.2: Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors
30
16.3: Nuclear Protein Sorting
30
16.4: Nuclear Localization Signals and Import
30
16.5: Nuclear Export
30
16.6: Directionality of Nuclear Transport
30
16.7: Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting
30
16.8: Mitochondrial Protein Sorting
30
16.9: Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins
30
16.10: Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria
30
16.11: Energy to Drive Translocation
30
16.12: Structure of Porins
30
16.13: Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
30
16.14: Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
30
16.15: Protein Transport to the Thylakoids
30
16.16: Protein Transport to the Stroma
30
16.17: Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane
30
16.18: Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Chapter 17: Intracellular Membrane Traffic

30
17.1: Introduction to Membrane Traffic
30
17.2: COP Coated Vesicles
30
17.3: Clathrin Coated Vesicles
30
17.4: Phosphoinositides and PIPs
30
17.5: Coat Assembly and GTPases
30
17.6: Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles
30
17.7: Rab Proteins
30
17.8: Rab Cascades
30
17.9: SNAREs and Membrane Fusion
30
17.10: Vesicular Tubular Clusters
30
17.11: ER Retrieval Pathway
30
17.12: Golgi Apparatus
30
17.13: Protein Glycosylation
30
17.14: Proteoglycans
30
17.15: Oligosaccharide Assembly
30
17.16: Golgi Matrix Proteins
30
17.17: Transport Across the Golgi
30
17.18: Lysosomes
30
17.19: Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome
30
17.20: Autophagy
30
17.21: Lysosomal Hydrolases

Chapter 18: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

30
18.1: Endocytosis
30
18.2: Phagocytosis
30
18.3: Pinocytosis
30
18.4: Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
30
18.5: The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin
30
18.6: Maturation of Endosomes
30
18.7: Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies
30
18.8: Receptor Downregulation in MVBs
30
18.9: Overview of Exosomes
30
18.10: Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis
30
18.11: Transcytosis of IgG
30
18.12: Exocytosis
30
18.13: Overview of Secretory Vesicles
30
18.14: Insulin Secretory Vesicles
30
18.15: Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane
30
18.16: Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane
30
18.17: Synaptic Signaling

Chapter 19: Mitochondria and Energy Production

30
19.1: Mitochondria
30
19.2: Mitochondrial Membranes
30
19.3: The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
30
19.4: The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview
30
19.5: The Citric Acid Cycle: Output
30
19.6: Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II
30
19.7: Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV
30
19.8: The Electron Transport Chain
30
19.9: The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane
30
19.10: ATP Synthase: Structure
30
19.11: ATP Synthase: Mechanism
30
19.12: The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

Chapter 20: Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

30
20.1: What is Photosynthesis?
30
20.2: The Anatomy of Chloroplasts
30
20.3: Photosystems
30
20.4: The Photochemical Reaction Center
30
20.5: The Antenna Complex
30
20.6: The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis
30
20.7: The Calvin Benson Cycle

Chapter 21: Principles of Cell Signaling

30
21.1: Overview of Cell Signaling
30
21.2: Types of Signaling Molecules
30
21.3: Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors
30
21.4: Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors
30
21.5: Assembly of Signaling Complexes
30
21.6: Interactions Between Signaling Pathways
30
21.7: Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers
30
21.8: Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade
30
21.9: Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses
30
21.10: Cell Signaling Feedback Loops
30
21.11: Cell Signaling in Plants
30
21.12: Plant Hormones

Chapter 22: Signaling Networks of G Protein-coupled Receptors

30
22.1: G Protein-coupled Receptors
30
22.2: Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins
30
22.3: GPCR Desensitization
30
22.4: G-Protein Gated Ion Channels
30
22.5: GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity
30
22.6: cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways
30
22.7: IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway
30
22.8: Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration
30
22.9: Calmodulin-dependent Signaling
30
22.10: Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Chapter 23: Signaling Networks of Kinase Receptors

30
23.1: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
30
23.2: Small GTPases - Ras and Rho
30
23.3: MAPK Signaling Cascades
30
23.4: The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway
30
23.5: PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway
30
23.6: TGF - β Signaling Pathway

Chapter 24: Alternative Signaling Routes in Gene Expression

30
24.1: Notch Signaling Pathway
30
24.2: Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway
30
24.3: Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways
30
24.4: Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
30
24.5: NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway
30
24.6: Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

Chapter 25: The Cytoskeleton I: Actin and Microfilaments

30
25.1: Introduction to the Cytoskeleton
30
25.2: Adaptability of Cytoskeletal Filaments
30
25.3: Polarity of the Cytoskeleton
30
25.4: Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments
30
25.5: Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins
30
25.6: Cytoskeletal Accessory Proteins
30
25.7: Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria
30
25.8: Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria
30
25.9: Studying the Cytoskeleton
30
25.10: Introduction to Actin
30
25.11: Actin Polymerization
30
25.12: Actin Treadmilling
30
25.13: Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments
30
25.14: Actin Filament Depolymerization
30
25.15: Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments
30
25.16: Overview of Myosin Structure and Function
30
25.17: Actin and Myosin in Muscle Contraction
30
25.18: The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells

Chapter 26: The Cytoskeleton II: Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments

30
26.1: Microtubules
30
26.2: Microtubule Instability
30
26.3: Microtubule Formation
30
26.4: Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)
30
26.5: Destabilization of Microtubules
30
26.6: Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins
30
26.7: The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles
30
26.8: Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures
30
26.9: Microtubules in Cell Motility
30
26.10: Mechanism of Ciliary Motion
30
26.11: Microtubules in Signaling
30
26.12: Drugs that Stabilize Microtubules
30
26.13: Drugs that Destabilize Microtubules
30
26.14: The Structure of Intermediate Filaments
30
26.15: Types of Intermediate Filaments
30
26.16: Formation of Intermediate Filaments
30
26.17: Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments
30
26.18: Septins
30
26.19: Role of Septins

Chapter 27: Extracellular Matrix in Animals

30
27.1: The Extracellular Matrix
30
27.2: Glycosaminoglycans
30
27.3: Collagens are the Major Structural Proteins of ECM
30
27.4: Fibril-associated Collagen
30
27.5: Elastin is Responsible for Tissue Elasticity
30
27.6: Fibronectins Connect Cells with ECM
30
27.7: Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins
30
27.8: Role of Matrix Metalloproteases in Degradation of ECM
30
27.9: Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM
30
27.10: Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina
30
27.11: Type IV Collagen of Basal Lamina

Chapter 28: Cell-Matrix Interactions

30
28.1: Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions
30
28.2: Integrins
30
28.3: Activation of Integrins
30
28.4: Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions
30
28.5: Anchoring Junctions
30
28.6: Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

Chapter 29: Cell-Cell Interactions

30
29.1: Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions
30
29.2: Structure of Cadherins
30
29.3: Cadherins in Tissue Organization
30
29.4: Catenins
30
29.5: Selectins
30
29.6: Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules
30
29.7: Overview of Cell-Cell Junctions
30
29.8: Adherens Junctions
30
29.9: Tension Response at Adherens Junctions
30
29.10: Desmosomes
30
29.11: Tight Junctions
30
29.12: Gap Junctions

Chapter 30: Cell Polarization and Migration

30
30.1: Cell Migration
30
30.2: Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility
30
30.3: Types of Membrane Protrusions
30
30.4: Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation
30
30.5: Mechanism of Filopodia Formation
30
30.6: Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia
30
30.7: Cell Motility through Blebbing
30
30.8: Role of Myosin in Cell Migration
30
30.9: Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins
30
30.10: Chemotaxis and Direction of Cell Migration
30
30.11: Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

Chapter 31: Plant Cell Structure and Organization

30
31.1: Plant Tissues
30
31.2: Plant Cell Wall
30
31.3: Tonicity in Plants
30
31.4: Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides
30
31.5: Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition
30
31.6: Plasmodesmata
30
31.7: Cell Adhesion in Plants

Chapter 32: Analyzing Cells and Proteins

30
32.1: Overview Of Cell Separation And Isolation
30
32.2: Cell Culture
30
32.3: Cell Lines
30
32.4: Hybridoma Technology
30
32.5: Tissue Homogenization and Cell Lysis
30
32.6: Subcellular Fractionation
30
32.7: Flow Cytometry
30
32.8: Principles Of Column Chromatography
30
32.9: Types Of Column Chromatography
30
32.10: Immunoprecipitation
30
32.11: Tagging and Fusion Proteins
30
32.12: SDS-PAGE
30
32.13: Western Blotting
30
32.14: Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
30
32.15: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
30
32.16: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
30
32.17: Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry
30
32.18: X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples
30
32.19: Applications Of NMR In Biology
30
32.20: Proteomics

Chapter 33: Visualizing Cells, Tissues, and Molecules

30
33.1: Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy
30
33.2: Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
30
33.3: Fixation and Sectioning
30
33.4: Immunofluorescence Microscopy
30
33.5: Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
30
33.6: Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
30
33.7: Protein Dynamics in Living Cells
30
33.8: Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
30
33.9: Atomic Force Microscopy
30
33.10: Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy
30
33.11: Overview of Electron Microscopy
30
33.12: Scanning Electron Microscopy
30
33.13: Transmission Electron Microscopy
30
33.14: Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy
30
33.15: Immunogold Electron Microscopy
30
33.16: Cryo-electron Microscopy
30
33.17: Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Chapter 34: Cell Proliferation

30
34.1: What is the Cell Cycle?
30
34.2: Interphase
30
34.3: The Cell Cycle Control System
30
34.4: Positive Regulator Molecules
30
34.5: Inhibition of CDK Activity
30
34.6: S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication
30
34.7: M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis
30
34.8: Mitogens and the Cell Cycle
30
34.9: Replicative Cell Senescence
30
34.10: Abnormal Proliferation
30
34.11: Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Chapter 35: Cell Division

30
35.1: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
30
35.2: Chromosome Duplication
30
35.3: Cohesins
30
35.4: Condensins
30
35.5: The Mitotic Spindle
30
35.6: Centrosome Duplication
30
35.7: Spindle Assembly
30
35.8: Attachment of Sister Chromatids
30
35.9: Forces Acting on Chromosomes
30
35.10: Separation of Sister Chromatids
30
35.11: The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
30
35.12: Anaphase A and B
30
35.13: Anaphase Promoting Complex
30
35.14: The Contractile Ring
30
35.15: Determining the Plane of Cell Division
30
35.16: The Phragmoplast
30
35.17: Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Chapter 36: Meiosis

30
36.1: What is Meiosis?
30
36.2: Meiosis I
30
36.3: Meiosis II
30
36.4: Meiosis vs. Mitosis
30
36.5: Crossing Over
30
36.6: Nondisjunction

Chapter 37: Cell Death

30
37.1: Overview of Cell Death
30
37.2: Apoptosis
30
37.3: Caspases
30
37.4: The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
30
37.5: The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway
30
37.6: Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells
30
37.7: Autophagic Cell Death
30
37.8: Necrosis

Chapter 38: Cancer

30
38.1: What is Cancer?
30
38.2: Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell
30
38.3: Tumor Progression
30
38.4: Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells
30
38.5: The Tumor Microenvironment
30
38.6: Metastasis
30
38.7: Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes
30
38.8: Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes
30
38.9: Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions
30
38.10: The Retinoblastoma Gene
30
38.11: Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers
30
38.12: Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer
30
38.13: The Ras Gene
30
38.14: mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression
30
38.15: Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance
30
38.16: Mouse Models of Cancer Study
30
38.17: Cancer Prevention
30
38.18: Cancer Therapies
30
38.19: Targeted Cancer Therapies
30
38.20: Treatment Resistent Cancers
30
38.21: Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Chapter 39: Stem Cell Biology And Renewal in Epithelial Tissue

30
39.1: Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation
30
39.2: Source And Potency Of Stem Cells
30
39.3: Stem Cell Niche
30
39.4: Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells
30
39.5: Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal
30
39.6: Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal
30
39.7: Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells
30
39.8: Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell
30
39.9: Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells
30
39.10: Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells
30
39.11: Stem Cell Culture
30
39.12: Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells
30
39.13: Unrenewable Cells

Chapter 40: A Hierarchical Stem-Cell System: Blood Cell Formation

30
40.1: Overview of the Vascular System
30
40.2: Mechanism of Angiogenesis
30
40.3: Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply
30
40.4: Hematopoiesis
30
40.5: Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
30
40.6: Lineage Commitment
30
40.7: Erythropoiesis
30
40.8: Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells
30
40.9: Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Chapter 41: Fibroblast Transformation and Muscle Stem Cells

30
41.1: Connective Tissue Cell Types
30
41.2: Introduction to Fibroblasts
30
41.3: Mesenchymal Stem Cells
30
41.4: Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
30
41.5: Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling
30
41.6: Overview of Skeletal Muscle
30
41.7: Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts
30
41.8: Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy

Chapter 42: Regeneration and Repair

30
42.1: Overview of Regeneration and Repair
30
42.2: Phases of Wound Repair
30
42.3: Whole Body Regeneration
30
42.4: Liver Regeneration
30
42.5: Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration
30
42.6: Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming
30
42.7: Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming
30
42.8: Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Chapter 43: Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

30
43.1: Embryonic Stem Cells
30
43.2: Maintenance of the ES Cell State
30
43.3: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
30
43.4: Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming
30
43.5: Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells
30
43.6: iPS Cell Differentiation
30
43.7: Forced Transdifferentiation
30
43.8: EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

Full Table of Contents

JoVE Core
Cell Biology

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Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

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27.9: Basal Lamina are the Specialized Form of ECM

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27.11: Type IV Collagen of Basal Lamina

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Laminins are multi-adhesive glycoproteins found in basal lamina. They are composed of three polypeptide chains, alpha, beta and gamma, covalently linked by multiple disulfide bonds.

These chains are twisted together at the C-terminus end, while they remain separated at the N-terminus.

The laminin G - like domain at the C-terminus of the alpha subunit interacts with proteins such as integrin and dystroglycan present in the cell membrane. This contributes primarily toward cell attachment and helping to exchange signals between intracellular and extracellular matter.

The N-terminal end interacts with other laminins to form a mesh-like network. It further associates with type IV collagen, perlecan, and entactin to form the basal lamina.

27.10: Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with high molecular mass found in the extracellular matrix. Each laminin molecule is composed of three chains, viz. alpha, beta, and gamma, coded by five, four, and three paralogous genes, respectively. Laminins are categories based on the compositions of the three chains.

In humans, the five forms of alpha chains are LAMA 1, LAMA 2, LAMA 3, LAMA 4, and LAMA 5. The four forms of beta chains are LAMB 1, LAMB 2, LAMB 3, and LAMB 4. The three forms of gamma chains are LAMC 1, LAMC 2 and LAMC 3.

In the extracellular matrix, the laminins associate with each other to form a mesh. This mesh is associated with other macromolecules like perlecan, entactin, and type IV collagen to form a framework for the basal lamina. Laminins also connect with the cell by binding to their integrins or dystroglycan.

Biologically laminins help in influencing cell adhesion, differentiation, and migration. Laminins are essential for the survival and maintenance of the tissue. Defective laminins can lead to improper muscle formation, skin blistering, and issues related to kidney filtration. Laminins also play an essential role in neural development and peripheral nerve repair.

Suggested Reading

Chapter 1: Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Chapter 2: Biochemistry of the Cell

Chapter 3: Energy and Catalysis

Chapter 4: Introduction to Metabolism

Chapter 5: Protein Structure

Chapter 6: Protein Function

Chapter 7: Structure and Organization of DNA

Chapter 8: DNA Replication and Repair

Chapter 9: Transcription: DNA to RNA

Chapter 10: Translation: RNA to Protein

Chapter 11: Control of Gene Expression

Chapter 12: Membrane Structure and Components

Chapter 13: Membrane Transport and Active Transporters

Chapter 14: Channels and the Electrical Properties of Membranes

Chapter 15: Transmembrane Transport in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Peroxisomes

Chapter 16: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting

Chapter 17: Intracellular Membrane Traffic

Chapter 18: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Chapter 19: Mitochondria and Energy Production

Chapter 20: Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

Chapter 21: Principles of Cell Signaling

Chapter 22: Signaling Networks of G Protein-coupled Receptors

Chapter 23: Signaling Networks of Kinase Receptors

Chapter 24: Alternative Signaling Routes in Gene Expression

Chapter 25: The Cytoskeleton I: Actin and Microfilaments

Chapter 26: The Cytoskeleton II: Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments

Chapter 27: Extracellular Matrix in Animals

Chapter 28: Cell-Matrix Interactions

Chapter 29: Cell-Cell Interactions

Chapter 30: Cell Polarization and Migration

Chapter 31: Plant Cell Structure and Organization

Chapter 32: Analyzing Cells and Proteins

Chapter 33: Visualizing Cells, Tissues, and Molecules

Chapter 34: Cell Proliferation

Chapter 35: Cell Division

Chapter 36: Meiosis

Chapter 37: Cell Death

Chapter 38: Cancer

Chapter 39: Stem Cell Biology And Renewal in Epithelial Tissue

Chapter 40: A Hierarchical Stem-Cell System: Blood Cell Formation

Chapter 41: Fibroblast Transformation and Muscle Stem Cells

Chapter 42: Regeneration and Repair

Chapter 43: Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

27.10: Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

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