Name: Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2025-06-27T12:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 3 s
Description: Discover an integrated approach combining echocardiography with invasive hemodynamic measurements to evaluate right ventricular function in rat models of pulmonary arterial hypertension. This method enhances data reliability and reduces animal usage.

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5 minutes

The authors thank Mr. Andr&#233; Benedito da Silva for support with the experiments, Ms. Ver&#244;nica Cristina dos Santos Lima for animal care, and Ms. Lorna O&#39;Brien for English grammar revision. This study was supported by the Rio de Janeiro State Research Foundation (FAPERJ E-26/202.766/2018, E-26/010.001488/2019).

<ol><li>Gomez-Arroyo, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+monocrotaline+model+of+pulmonary+hypertension+in+perspective%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Lung+Cell+Mol+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The monocrotaline model of pulmonary hypertension in perspective.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 302 (4), L363-L369 (2012).</li>
<li>Zhu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Echocardiographic+assessment+of+right+ventricular+function+in+experimental+pulmonary+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pulm+Circ%22%5BJournal%5D)">Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function in experimental pulmonary hypertension.</a> Pulm Circ. 9 (2), 2045894019841987(2019).</li>
<li>Bikou, O., Sassi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+sugen%2Fhypoxia+rat+model+for+pulmonary+hypertension+and+right+heart+failure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The sugen/hypoxia rat model for pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 2803, 163-172 (2024).</li>
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<li>Santos, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pharmacological+agents+and+potential+new+therapies+in+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Vasc+Pharmacol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pharmacological agents and potential new therapies in pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 22 (3), 155-170 (2024).</li>
<li>Tsai, J., Malik, S., Tjen, A. L. S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pulmonary+hypertension%3A+Pharmacological+and+non-pharmacological+therapies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Life+%28Basel%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pulmonary hypertension: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies.</a> Life (Basel). 14 (10), 1265(2024).</li>
<li>Suen, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Regenerative+cell+therapy+for+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension+in+animal+models%3A+a+systematic+review%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Stem+Cell+Res+Ther%22%5BJournal%5D)">Regenerative cell therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension in animal models: a systematic review.</a> Stem Cell Res Ther. 10 (1), 75(2019).</li>
<li>Hubrecht, R. C., Carter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+3Rs+and+humane+experimental+technique%3A+Implementing+change%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Animals+%28Basel%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">The 3Rs and humane experimental technique: Implementing change.</a> Animals (Basel). 9 (10), 754(2019).</li>
<li>Thibault, H. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Noninvasive+assessment+of+murine+pulmonary+arterial+pressure%3A+validation+and+application+to+models+of+pulmonary+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circ+Cardiovasc+Imaging%22%5BJournal%5D)">Noninvasive assessment of murine pulmonary arterial pressure: validation and application to models of pulmonary hypertension.</a> Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 3 (2), 157-163 (2010).</li>
<li>Trittmann, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((PATET+ratio+by+Doppler+echocardiography%3A+noninvasive+detection+of+pediatric+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pediatr+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">PATET ratio by Doppler echocardiography: noninvasive detection of pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> Pediatr Res. 92 (3), 631-636 (2022).</li>
<li>Percie du Sert, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+ARRIVE+guidelines+2.0%3A+updated+guidelines+for+reporting+animal+research%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Cereb+Blood+Flow+Metab%22%5BJournal%5D)">The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 40 (9), 1769-1777 (2020).</li>
<li>Lisboa Braga, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Therapeutic+effects+of+hypoxia-preconditioned+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+and+their+extracellular+vesicles+in+experimental+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Life+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Therapeutic effects of hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> Life Sci. 329, 121988(2023).</li>
<li>Heil, L. B. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+effects+of+short-term+propofol+and+dexmedetomidine+on+lung+mechanics%2C+histology%2C+and+biological+markers+in+experimental+obesity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anesth+Analg%22%5BJournal%5D)">The effects of short-term propofol and dexmedetomidine on lung mechanics, histology, and biological markers in experimental obesity.</a> Anesth Analg. 122 (4), 1015-1023 (2016).</li>
<li>Humbert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((ESC%2FERS+Guidelines+for+the+diagnosis+and+treatment+of+pulmonary+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eur+Heart+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension.</a> Eur Heart J. 43 (38), 3618-3731 (2022).</li>
<li>D'Alto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Right+heart+catheterization+for+the+diagnosis+of+pulmonary+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Heart+Fail+Clin%22%5BJournal%5D)">Right heart catheterization for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.</a> Heart Fail Clin. 14 (3), 467-477 (2018).</li>
<li>Fulton, R. M., Hutchinson, E. C., Jones, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ventricular+weight+in+cardiac+hypertrophy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Br+Heart+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ventricular weight in cardiac hypertrophy.</a> Br Heart J. 14 (3), 413-420 (1952).</li>
<li>Lang, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Recommendations+for+cardiac+chamber+quantification+by+echocardiography+in+adults%3A+an+update+from+the+American+Society+of+Echocardiography+and+the+European+Association+of+Cardiovascular+Imaging%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eur+Heart+J+Cardiovasc+Imaging%22%5BJournal%5D)">Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.</a> Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 16 (3), 233-270 (2015).</li>
<li>Stenmark, K. R., Meyrik, B., Galie, N., Mooi, W. J., McMurtry, I. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Animal+models+of+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension%3A+the+hope+for+etiological+discovery+and+pharmacological+cure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Physiol+Lung+Cell+Mol+Physiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension: the hope for etiological discovery and pharmacological cure.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 297 (6), L1013-L1032 (2009).</li>
<li>Mukherjee, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Guidelines+for+the+echocardiographic+assessment+of+the+right+heart+in+adults+and+special+considerations+in+pulmonary+hypertension%3A+Recommendations+from+the+American+Society+of+Echocardiography%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Am+Soc+Echocardiogr%22%5BJournal%5D)">Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults and special considerations in pulmonary hypertension: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography.</a> J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 38 (3), 141-186 (2025).</li>
<li>Spyropoulos, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Echocardiographic+markers+of+pulmonary+hemodynamics+and+right+ventricular+hypertrophy+in+rat+models+of+pulmonary+hypertension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pulm+Circ%22%5BJournal%5D)">Echocardiographic markers of pulmonary hemodynamics and right ventricular hypertrophy in rat models of pulmonary hypertension.</a> Pulm Circ. 10 (2), 2045894020910976(2020).</li>
<li>Rajaram, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Comparison+of+the+diagnostic+utility+of+cardiac+magnetic+resonance+imaging%2C+computed+tomography%2C+and+echocardiography+in+assessment+of+suspected+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension+in+patients+with+connective+tissue+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Rheumatol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Comparison of the diagnostic utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and echocardiography in assessment of suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with connective tissue disease.</a> J Rheumatol. 39 (6), 1265-1274 (2012).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

PAH is a progressive disease characterized by excessive vascular remodeling, which promotes an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in augmented RV afterload14. Accordingly, the RVSP represents a functional variable that directly correlates with the severity of PAH15. Over time, the adaptive response of the RV is compensatory concentric hypertrophy (measured by Fulton&#39;s index)16 and ventricular dilation (measured by RV outflow dia...

Adequate functional measurement of the right ventricle (RV) function in small animals has become essential since the increase in studies using animal models in respiratory and cardiovascular sciences. There are several animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH), using monocrotaline1, hypoxia2, or Sugen + hypoxia3. They have served well to unravel new pathophysiological pathways1,4 and study new potential pharmacological5 and non-pharmacological6 treatments for PH. Nevertheless, despite the causative agent that leads to the PH phenotype, there is concern about the functional measurement of RV performance, mainly because RV function usually (1) is the primary outcome adopted by preclinical studies7; (2) different types of equipment are available to perform echocardiography and invasive puncture of the RV chamber; (3) expertise in anesthesia and some knowledge about invasive mechanical ventilation in small animals are required, as well as the recognition of an adequate window for RV assessment.
According to the 3Rs of preclinical studies (replacement, reduction, and refinement), reduction is aligned to expand methods that help obtain comparable levels of information, which increases reproducibility8. Thus, the number of animals will be reduced in research mainly as a result of strategies such as appropriate experimental design, correct statistical evaluation, and sharing practice and knowledge. In the present methodological study, three different techniques are presented after PAH induction (Figure 1). The first is the noninvasive measurement of RV function by transthoracic echocardiography. The images are obtained from long and short parasternal axis views. The diameter of the RV output tract, pulmonary acceleration time (PAT), and pulmonary ejection time (PET) are evaluated using a pulsed-wave Doppler. The PAT/PET ratio is calculated and used as an indirect index of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)9,10. The second is the invasive puncture of the RV. Usually, a physiologic data acquisition system is used, continuously recording on a computer running custom-made software. The invasive right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure are often used as primary outcomes in different studies7. The third is the right ventricular hypertrophy index, also called Fulton's index11, which is the ratio of the RV to the left ventricle (LV) plus interventricular septum (S) weight (RV/LV + S), corrected for the animal's body weight. The presentation of detailed methods for the evaluation of RV function will enhance the quality and reliability of PH research, offering a robust framework for future studies and enhancing reproducibility across different laboratories.
<img alt="Pulmonary hypertension model process flowchart; includes PAH induction, ECHO, RVSP, RVH index methods." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/68248/68248fig01.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788304762000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1: Flowchart. Summary illustration of the protocols described in this article. Abbreviations: ECHO = echocardiography; LV = left ventricle; PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension; RV = right ventricle; RVH = right ventricular hypertrophy; RVSP = right ventricular systolic pressure; S = interventricular septum. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/68248/68248fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol 70%</td><td>Montenegro</td><td>ALC70-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conductive gel</td><td>Mercor</td><td>CG-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saline solution (NaCl 0,9%)</td><td>BioPharma</td><td>SAL-009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Instruments&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19 G scalp vein set</td><td>Descarpack</td><td>SVS-19G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Curved kelly forceps</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>CKF-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kelly forceps</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>KF-004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needles (18, 22 and 26 G)</td><td>Descarpack</td><td>NDL-MIX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish</td><td>GlassLab</td><td>PD-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Razor blade</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>RB-005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>SC-006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>SCIS-007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suture line</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>SUT-008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringes (1, 3, and 5 mL)</td><td>Descarpack</td><td>SYR-135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tracheostomy cannula</td><td>MedTech</td><td>TC-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezer</td><td>ABC instrumentos cirurgicos</td><td>TWZ-011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Drugs&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dextroketamine hydrochloride 5%</td><td>Crist&amp;aacute;lia</td><td>DXT-005</td><td>87.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane 1 mL/mL 240 mL</td><td>Crist&amp;aacute;lia</td><td>ISO-240</td><td>2.5% inhalation solution</td></tr><tr><td>Lidocaine hydrochloride 1%</td><td>Crist&amp;aacute;lia</td><td>LID-001</td><td>400 &amp;micro;L subcutaneous locally</td></tr><tr><td>Monocrotaline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C2401</td><td>60 mg/kg intraperitoneal</td></tr><tr><td>Pancuronium bromide 2 mg/mL</td><td>Crist&amp;aacute;lia</td><td>PAN-002</td><td>2 mg/kg intravenous</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium heparin 5000 IU/mL</td><td>Crist&amp;aacute;lia</td><td>HEP-5000</td><td>diluted 1:4 in 1 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine hydrochloride 2%</td><td>Syntec</td><td>XYL-002</td><td>12.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism 9</td><td>GraphPad Software, Inc</td><td>GP9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Networked Multiparameter Veterinary Monitor LifeWindow 9x</td><td>Digicare Animal Health</td><td>LW9x</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LabView software</td><td>National Instruments, Corp.</td><td>LV-2019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB R2019a (Version) software</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc.</td><td>MATLAB-2019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monitor and signal transducer</td><td>MedTech</td><td>MST-015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision scale</td><td>Sartorius</td><td>PS-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R540 Mice&amp;amp;Rat Animal Anesthesia Machine</td><td>RWD Life Schience Co.,LTD</td><td>R540-ANA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scale</td><td>Ohaus</td><td>SCL-025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Servo-i mechanical ventilator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Getinge AB</td><td>SERVO-I</td><td>FiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = 21%; tidal volume = 8 ml/kg, respiratory rate = 70 bpm, and PEEP = 3 cmH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>SonoView software</td><td>SONOTEC Ultraschallsensorik Halle GmbH</td><td>SV-2020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UGEO HM70A system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Samsung Eletr&amp;ocirc;nica da Amaz&amp;ocirc;nia LTDA</td><td>HM70A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>G*Power 3.1.9.7</td><td>University of D&amp;uuml;sseldorf, Germany</td><td>gpower</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

evaluation of right ventricular function in experimental models of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic condition associated with reduced survival, making it a critical area of research. Experimental models of PH have significantly improved our understanding of its pathophysiology and facilitated the design of small observational and clinical trials. However, it is crucial to establish standardized methodologies to ensure comparability across different experimental studies and research groups. Standardization not only enhances reproducibility but also fosters collaboration among research teams.
In this video, we outline the methodological steps required to analyze the functional parameters of PH accurately. These include echocardiographic assessment, invasive right ventricle (RV) puncture, and calculation of the Fulton&#39;s index. Concerning echocardiography, measurement of the pulmonary arterial acceleration time and the pulmonary ejection time ratio, as well as the calculation of RV output, are presented in detail. Regarding invasive measurements, essential procedures, including anesthesia protocols, optimal animal positioning, mechanical ventilation setup, precise chest wall opening, visualization of the RV, and RV puncture techniques, are described.
The methodology for ventricular dissection (Fulton&#39;s index) is explained in detail, as well as the calculation of the RV/left ventricle plus septum ratio, corrected for the animal&#39;s body weight. We believe that providing a detailed presentation of these methods will enhance the quality and reliability of PH research, offering a robust framework for future studies and enhancing reproducibility across different laboratories.

For the statistical analyses, each variable was tested for normality and variance using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation. The unpaired t test was used to compare particle concentrations in the control (CTRL) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) groups (p&lt;0.05).
Echocardiographic alterations in the animal model of PAH 
Figure 4 shows that the PAT/PET ratio was lower in animals with PAH (0.4...

The presentation of detailed methods for the evaluation of right ventricle function will enhance the quality and reliability of pulmonary hypertension research, offering a robust framework for future studies and enhancing reproducibility across different laboratories.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic condition associated with reduced survival, making it a critical area of research. Experimental models of PH have ...

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This article provides a protocol for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and pulmonary hypertension in mice.  Applications include phenotype determination and serial assessment in transgenic and toxin-induced mouse models of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary vascular disease.

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, yet limited methodologies are available for its evaluation. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging provide a noninvasive and accurate option for longitudinal RV study. Herein, we detail a step-by-step echocardiographic method using a murine model of RV pressure overload.

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of pulmonary arterioles that leads to their obliteration and the development of right ventricular failure. Rodent models of PAH are critical in understanding the pathophysiology of PAH. Here we demonstrate hemodynamic characterization, with right heart catheterization and echocardiography, in the mouse and rat.

Hemodynamic Characterization of Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

This protocol describes a surgical procedure to create a model for flow-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rats and the procedures to analyze the principle hemodynamic and histological end-points in this model.

Shunt Surgery, Right Heart Catheterization, and Vascular Morphometry in a Rat Model for Flow-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

We present a protocol to induce and phenotype an acute right heart failure in a large animal model with chronic pulmonary hypertension. This model can be used to test therapeutic interventions, to develop right heart metrics or to improve the understanding of acute right heart failure pathophysiology.

Induction and Phenotyping of Acute Right Heart Failure in a Large Animal Model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

Here, we provide a useful approach for studying the mechanism of right ventricular failure. A more convenient and efficient approach to pulmonary artery constriction is established using surgical instruments made inhouse. In addition, methods to evaluate the quality of this approach by echocardiography and catheterization are provided.

Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

Here, we present a protocol to perform an invasive hemodynamic assessment of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery in mice using an open-chest surgery approach.

Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment for the Right Ventricular System and Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Mice

This manuscript describes the surgical technique and experimental approach to develop severe right ventricular pressure overload to model their adaptive and maladaptive phenotypes.

A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep

The present protocol describes the echocardiographic characterization of right ventricular morphology and function in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricle Function in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

We describe a murine model of right ventricular pressure overload-induced by pulmonary trunk banding. Detailed protocols for intubation, surgery, and phenotyping by echocardiography are included in the paper. Custom-made instruments are used for intubation and surgery, allowing for fast and inexpensive reproduction of the model.

A Murine Model of Pressure Overload-Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure by Pulmonary Trunk Banding

Right heart failure (RHF) is characterized by right-sided cardiac dilation and hypertrophy, leading to ventricular and atrial malfunction. Cardiopulmonary conditions associated with RHF are accompanied by an increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias. This article describes a standardized model of pulmonary artery banding-induced RHF associated with enhanced ventricular and atrial arrhythmogenesis.

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

Discover an integrated approach combining echocardiography with invasive hemodynamic measurements to evaluate right ventricular function in rat models of pulmonary arterial hypertension. This method enhances data reliability and reduces animal usage.

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

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