热扩散率与激光闪射法

Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of heat conducted relative to heat stored in a material, while thermal conductivity describes how much heat transfers through a material due to a temperature gradient. They are related by the equation: thermal conductivity equals thermal diffusivity multiplied by density and specific heat capacity. Both properties are essential for assessing how materials transfer heat and respond to temperature changes.

The laser flash method pulses a sample with a high-energy laser on one side, inducing a temperature gradient. An infrared detector on the opposite side measures the resulting temperature change over time, producing a thermogram. The measured data is then fitted to theoretical heat transport models, typically the Cowan Model, to calculate the material's thermal diffusivity.

Samples must have flat and parallel top and bottom surfaces, typically in a thin disk shape between 6 and 25.4 millimeters wide and 1 to 4 millimeters thick. A thin coating of colloidal graphite is applied to ensure uniform heating. Proper sample preparation ensures accurate and reproducible thermal diffusivity measurements across the material.

Evacuating and purging with inert argon gas removes air, oxygen, and nitrogen from the chamber. This prevents these gases from reacting with compounds on the sample surface at high temperatures, which would compromise measurement accuracy. Multiple evacuation and backfill cycles ensure complete removal of atmospheric gases before the experiment begins.

The Cowan Model, which accounts for heat loss, fits experimental data better at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. At low temperatures, greater deviation from the model occurs, resulting in more noise in calculated thermal diffusivity values. This temperature-dependent accuracy reflects how well the theoretical model captures actual heat transport behavior in the material.

While solid disk samples are most straightforward, the laser flash method can measure thermal diffusivity in powders, liquids, layered materials, and porous samples. This versatility makes it applicable to diverse material types. The technique is the only method supported by multiple international standards including ASTM, BS, and JIS R.

Materials with high thermal diffusivity, such as metals, conduct thermal energy rapidly and respond quickly to temperature changes. Materials with low thermal diffusivity, like plastics, transfer heat much more slowly. These differences make thermal diffusivity critical for selecting appropriate materials for applications involving heat flow or temperature fluctuations, such as spacecraft thermal protection tiles.