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JoVE Core
Statistics
随机抽样法
随机抽样法
JoVE Core
Statistics
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JoVE Core Statistics
Random Sampling Method

1.11: 随机抽样法

15,306 Views
01:09 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

抽样是一种从较大总体中选择一部分(或子集)并对这部分(样本)进行研究来获得总体信息的技术。数据是从总体中进行抽样的结果。抽样方法能够确保抽取的样本不存在偏差,并且能够用来准确的代表总体。由于在一项研究中对整个总体进行测量并不现实,因此研究人员会使用样本来代表相关总体。在研究人员使用的各种抽样方法中,随机抽样法是一种常用的样本收集方法。在这种方法中,总体中的每个成员都有着相同的机会被选中。

例如,让我们看看随机抽样方法是如何确定某所大学教授办公室中书籍的平均数量。假设随机选择 25 名教授,并询问他们办公室里的书籍数量。所得到的数据将会得出整个学院内每位教授所拥有书籍数量的统计结果。另一个例子是使用简单随机抽样调查对马萨诸塞州的 100 家医院进行调查,以此来确定在马萨诸塞州的一家医院中住院两天的平均费用。

概率抽样法与随机抽样是相似的,但其中存在着显著差异。总体中的每个成员被选择概率是已知的,但不一定是相同的。假设一所大学有 10,000 名非全日制学生(总体)。如果要确定秋季学期中非全日制学生在书籍上所花费的平均金额,则可以使用概率抽样法。从 10 个学科中随机抽取 100 名不同的非全日制学生作为样本,每个学科至少抽取一名学生。每个学科被抽中的几名学生的机会是固定的,但不一定相等。这就是概率抽样法的一个例子。

本文改编自​ Openstax, Introductory Statistics, Section 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

Transcript

抽样方法用于从总体中抽取样本,确保抽样时没有偏差,并且能够准确代表总体。

随机抽样法是一种常用的样本采集方法。在这里,种群的每个成员都有相等的机会被选中。

考虑一个装有 20 个塑料球的容器,每个塑料球有 5 个塑料球,每个球有四种不同的颜色——红色、黑色、蓝色和绿色。

如果从盒子中随机拿起一个球,则 20 个球中有 5 个或 4 个球中有 1 个是红色、黑色、蓝色或绿色的几率。因此,每种颜色都有相同的机会被选中。

概率抽样方法与随机抽样类似,但有一个显著差异。种群中的每个成员都有已知的(但不一定相同)被选中的机会。

假设同一个盒子里装满了不同数量的彩球。每个彩球都有固定但不一定相等的被选中机会。

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随机抽样 抽样方法 总体 样本 偏倚 统计结果 概率抽样 大学教授 数据收集 抽样选择 机会均等 调查 兼职学生 统计分析

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