Name: how blood carries carbon dioxide
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T13:22:46.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Absorption And Excretion

Respiratory System

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

El dióxido de carbono se transporta desde los tejidos hasta los pulmones de tres maneras.
Alrededor del 7-10% viaja disuelto en plasma.
Más del 20% se une a la hemoglobina, formando carbaminohemoglobina desencadenada por un PCO2 relativamente más alto en los tejidos.
Por el contrario, unP CO2 relativamente más bajo en los capilares pulmonares provoca la disociación de la carbaminohemoglobina, liberando CO2. 
ElCO2 restante viaja en la sangre en forma de iones de bicarbonato.
La mayor parte delCO2 que ingresa a los glóbulos rojos es catalizado en ácido carbónico por la enzima anhidrasa carbónica. Luego, el ácido carbónico se disocia en iones de bicarbonato e hidrógeno.
Los iones de bicarbonato se difunden rápidamente fuera de los glóbulos rojos.
A cambio, los iones de cloruro ingresan a los glóbulos rojos a través del cambio de cloruro para neutralizar las cargas en los glóbulos rojos.
Los iones de bicarbonato viajan con la sangre a los pulmones, donde elbajo P CO2 desencadena su reentrada en los glóbulos rojos. Todo el proceso se invierte, liberando el CO2.

transporte de dióxido de carbono en la sangre

El transporte de dióxido de carbono (CO_2) en la sangre es fundamental para la fisiología humana. En promedio, las células de nuestro cuerpo producen alrededor de 200 ml de CO_2 por minuto, exactamente la cantidad expulsada por los pulmones. Este proceso implica el transporte de CO_2 desde las células de los tejidos hasta los pulmones en tres formas principales. 

Formas de transporte de CO_2

<ol>
	<li>Disuelto en el plasma: un pequeño porcentaje (7-10%) del CO_2 se transporta y se disuelve directamente en el plasma.</li>
	<li>Carbaminohemoglobina: un poco más del 20% del CO_2 se une químicamente a la hemoglobina, formando
	carbaminohemoglobina. En este proceso, el CO_2 se une directamente a los aminoácidos de la globina, no a la parte hemo de la hemoglobina. Los niveles de pCO_2 influyen significativamente en la formación de carbaminohemoglobina. Los altos niveles de pCO_2 en los capilares tisulares promueven la formación de carbaminohemoglobina, mientras que los bajos niveles de pCO_2 en los capilares pulmonares facilitan la separación del CO_2 de la globina, lo que le permite entrar en los alvéolos por difusión.
	</li>
	<li>Iones de bicarbonato (HCO_3-): Aproximadamente el 70% del CO_2 se transporta como iones de bicarbonato en el plasma sanguíneo. Este proceso comienza cuando el CO_2 se difunde en los capilares sistémicos y entra en los glóbulos rojos, donde reacciona con el agua bajo la influencia de la enzima anhidrasa carbónica para formar ácido carbónico. Este ácido luego se disocia en H^+ y HCO_3-. En los pulmones, el proceso se invierte y el CO_2 se libera para ser exhalado.</li>
</ol>

El efecto Haldane 

La cantidad de CO_2 transportado en la sangre se ve profundamente afectada por el grado de oxigenación de la sangre, conocido como el efecto Haldane. Este efecto establece que una pO_2 más baja y una saturación de oxígeno en la hemoglobina más baja permiten que la sangre transporte más CO_2 debido a una mayor afinidad de la hemoglobina por el CO_2 en estas condiciones.

Resumen 

El transporte de CO_2 en la sangre es un proceso complejo pero eficiente, que implica principalmente la formación de carbaminohemoglobina e iones de bicarbonato. Este intrincado sistema garantiza que el cuerpo mantenga un equilibrio estable entre la producción y la expulsión de CO_2, lo que demuestra los extraordinarios mecanismos reguladores del cuerpo, que son cruciales para un funcionamiento fisiológico óptimo.

Transporte de dióxido de carbono en la sangre

El dióxido de carbono se transporta desde los tejidos hasta los pulmones de tres maneras.
Alrededor del 7-10% viaja disuelto en plasma.
Más del 20% se une a la hemoglobina, formando ...

Education

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomía y Fisiología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

The Respiratory System

El sistema respiratorio

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how blood carries carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood from body tissues to the lungs. Cells make about 200 mL of CO2 each minute, and the lungs remove about the same amount. The blood moves this waste gas in three main forms.

A small amount, about 7-10%, stays dissolved in the plasma. Just over 20% binds to hemoglobin and forms carbaminohemoglobin. In this case, CO2 attaches to the amino acids of globin, not to the heme part of hemoglobin.

The rest, about 70%, is carried as bicarbonate ions, or HCO3-. CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries and enters red blood cells. There, carbonic anhydrase helps CO2 react with water to form carbonic acid, which then splits into H+ and HCO3-. In the lungs, the reaction reverses, and CO2 is released so it can be exhaled.

Blood CO2 transport also depends on oxygen levels. This relationship is called the Haldane effect. When pO2 is low and hemoglobin is less saturated with oxygen, blood can carry more CO2 because hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO2 in those conditions.

How Blood Carries Carbon Dioxide

overview of respiratory system

How Breathing Moves Air and Gases

The respiratory system moves air in and out of the body and exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment. This gas exchange is part of respiration, which is essential for life. The system supplies the blood with oxygen so it can carry that oxygen to the rest of the body. Breathing starts when air enters through the nose or mouth. The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening and the first part of the airway. Air then passes through the pharynx, or throat, which is shared...

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Pharynx Pathways for Air and Food

The pharynx is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane that connects the nasal cavities to the throat. It is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Each part has a different role in moving air and food through the upper throat. The nasopharynx sits behind the nasal cavity and serves only as an air passage. Its upper region contains the pharyngeal tonsils, also called adenoids. These are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue, similar to a lymph node, and...

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Bronchial Branching and Airflow Control

The bronchial tree carries air from the trachea into the lungs and helps control breathing. The trachea, or windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi. At the carina, the trachea splits into two primary bronchi. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left. Because of that shape, foreign objects and infections are more likely to enter the right lung. The carina is a cartilaginous ridge at the split in the airway. It helps keep the airway open. It also has...

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pleura of the lungs

Pleura Layers and Lung Protection

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Pulmonary Ventilation and Breathing Pressures

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pulmonary cycle: exhalation

Exhalation and Lung Pressure Changes

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factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

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respiratory volumes and capacities

Lung Volume Measurements in Breathing

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physical principles governing gas exchange

physical-principles-governing-gas-exchange

Gas Laws in Lung Gas Exchange

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external and internal respiration

Gas Exchange in Lungs and Tissues

Gas exchange in the lungs and body tissues moves oxygen into the blood and removes carbon dioxide. External respiration happens in the lungs, where inhaled oxygen enters the alveoli, the tiny air sacs that provide a large surface area for diffusion. Oxygen moves across the thin alveolar membrane into the pulmonary capillaries because its partial pressure is higher in the alveoli than in the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction and is later breathed out during...

oxygen transport in the blood

How Hemoglobin Loads and Releases Oxygen

Hemoglobin is the main molecule that carries oxygen in blood. It is found in red blood cells and has four polypeptide chains, each attached to an iron-containing heme group. This structure lets one hemoglobin molecule bind up to four oxygen molecules quickly and reversibly. When hemoglobin is fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin. When it has released oxygen, it is called reduced hemoglobin, or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen, its shape changes, which helps it pick...

carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood from body tissues to the lungs. Cells make about 200 mL of CO2 each minute, and the lungs remove about the same amount. The blood moves this waste gas in three main forms. A small amount, about 7-10%, stays dissolved in the plasma. Just over 20% binds to hemoglobin and forms carbaminohemoglobin. In this case, CO2 attaches to the amino acids of globin, not to the heme part of hemoglobin. The rest, about 70%, is carried as bicarbonate ions, or HCO3-. CO2...

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neural control of respiration

Brainstem Centers That Control Breathing

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chemical factors affecting respiration centers

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How Blood Gases Control Breathing Rate

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other factors affecting respiration centers

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Breathing Changes in Exercise and Anxiety

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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD Signs, Causes, and Lung Damage

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other pulmonary disorders

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key terms and concepts

Learn how carbon dioxide moves in the blood as dissolved gas, carbaminohemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions, plus how the Haldane effect affects transport.

How Blood Carries Carbon Dioxide | JoVE K12

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Digestive System

How Blood Carries Carbon Dioxide

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