Chapter 32
Analyzing Cells and Proteins
Cell separation was first achieved in 1964 by S. H. Seal, who separated large tumor cells from the smaller blood cells using filtration. Two years…
Most vertebrate cells grow in vitro attached to a substrate as a monolayer, called adherent cultures. The flasks and plates used to grow cells are…
A cell line is a population of cells grown in vitro that can be subcultured over several generations. Normal cells cease to divide after a certain…
Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic…
Tissue homogenization involves disintegrating tissue architecture and lysing cells, and is an early step in isolating and analyzing cellular…
The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular…
The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a…
The chromatography technique was first invented in 1901 by Michael S. Tswett, a Russian botanist, to separate plant pigments using organic solvents.…
The stability and compatibility of column material with samples are crucial for efficient purification in chromatographic techniques. Various…
Immunoprecipitation, or IP, is a widely used technique that employs protein-antibody interactions to isolate proteins or protein complexes in their…
Proteins are involved in several cellular processes and biochemical reactions. Analyzing a specific protein of interest requires it to be isolated…
Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix…
Western blotting is an analytical technique for protein identification. It has various applications in immunology and medicine, including detecting…
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution protein separation method first introduced by O' Farrell and Klose in 1975. This…
In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the…
Mass spectrometry is a powerful characterization technique that can identify and separate a wide variety of compounds ranging from chemical to…
Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass…
X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples,…
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an…
A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for…
X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
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Transgenic mouse models have been important tools for studying the relationship of genotype to phenotype for human diseases including those of…
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a key transcription factor for regulating the immune response. It is activated downstream of the Toll-like…
RNA is a biopolymer present in all domains of life, and its interactions with other molecules and/or reactive species, e.g., DNA, proteins, ions,…
