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Chapter 21

内分泌系

Chapter 21

Endocrine System

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. …
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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors …
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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across …
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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a …
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. …
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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the …
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Bis-phenols, such as bis-phenol A (BPA) and bis-phenol-S (BPS), are polymerizing agents widely used in the production of plastics and numerous everyday …
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The hormone cortisol is typically assessed in saliva, serum, or urine samples. More recently, cortisol has been successfully extracted from hair, …