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22.5:

์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ

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JoVE Core Biology
Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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– [๊ฐ•์‚ฌ] ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„๋Š”์›ํ†ตํ˜• ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณผ์ค‘์•™ ํŽŒํ”„์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค์ด๋Š” ์˜์–‘์†Œ, ๊ฐ€์Šค, ๋…ธํ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด:์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ๊ณผ,์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ—ˆํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ์™€,์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์กฐ์งํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ •๋งฅ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด,์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์œ„์ชฝ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์šฐ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ ,๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์•„๋žซ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์šฐ์‹ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค.์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก์€ ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์ด๊ณ ,ํ๋™๋งฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ,๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œํ์ •๋งฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,์ด๋Š” ์ขŒ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์ด๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ขŒ์‹ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ,์ด๋Š”, ๋” ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด,์ฃผ์š” ๋™๋งฅ์ธ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ,๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŽŒํ”„์งˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ,๋จผ์ € ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์€ ๋™๋งฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์กฐ์งํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค:์ฆ‰ ๋‡Œ๋™๋งฅ์€ ๋‡Œ๋กœ,์ƒ์™„๋™๋งฅ(์œ„ํŒ”๋™๋งฅ)์€ ํŒ”๋กœ,ํ‰๊ณฝ๋™๋งฅ์€ ๋ชธํ†ต๊ณผ ๋‚ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ,๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ณจ๋™๋งฅ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค.์ด ๋™๋งฅ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ณ (์ด๋Š” ๋™๋งฅ๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค), ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋“ค์ด,๊ทผ์œก ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธํ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ์†Œ์ •๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋งฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค.๋‡Œ์™€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๋งฅ,์ƒ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ •๋งฅ,ํ•˜์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ํ•˜๋Œ€์ •๋งฅ ๋“ฑ์ด๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค์–ด,๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ตํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋…ธํ๋ฌผ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

22.5:

์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ

์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„(circulatory system)๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€, ๋ชธ ์ฃผ์œ„, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€, ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํŽŒํ”„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ชธ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ(systemic circuit; ์ฒด์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ)๋Š” ์˜จ๋ชธ์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋™๋งฅ ํšŒ๋กœ(coronary circuit; ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ํšŒ๋กœ)๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ—ˆํŒŒ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ(pulmonary circuit; ํ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ)๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ—ˆํŒŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜ˆ์•ก์€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋ฐฉ์‹คํŒ๋ง‰(tricuspid valve; ์‚ผ์ฒจํŒ)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ(right atrium; ์šฐ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ)์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์‹ฌ์‹ค(right ventricle; ์šฐ์‹ฌ์‹ค)๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์‹ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ—ˆํŒŒ๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰(pulmonary valve)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ—ˆํŒŒ๋™๋งฅ(pulmonary artery; ํ๋™๋งฅ)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ—ˆํŒŒ์ •๋งฅ(pulmonary vein; ํ์ •๋งฅ)์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์™ผ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ(left atrium; ์ขŒ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ)์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์™ผ๋ฐฉ์‹คํŒ๋ง‰(mitral valve; ์ด์ฒจํŒ)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์™ผ์‹ฌ์‹ค(left ventricle; ์ขŒ์‹ฌ์‹ค)๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์™ผ์‹ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰(aortic valve)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ(aorta; ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋™๋งฅ)์œผ๋กœ ํŽŒํ”„์งˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋งฅ(artery)์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ž‘์•„์ ธ ์„ธ๋™๋งฅ(arteriole)์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตํ™˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์ธ ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€(capillary)์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์„ธ์ •๋งฅ(venule)์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ •๋งฅ(vein)์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ์„œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์ค‘ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ ํ—ˆํŒŒ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ

์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ—ˆํŒŒ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์˜จ๋ชธ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„(double circulatory system)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ํƒˆ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”(deoxygenation)๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตํ™˜์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ํ—ˆํŒŒ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ํŽŒํ”„์งˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋– ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•ก์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜จ๋ชธ์ˆœํ™˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜จ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ, ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ„ํ”„์งˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํž˜์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์„ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‘๊ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ฌ์žฅ๋™๋งฅ ์ˆœํ™˜

์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ํƒˆ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”(oxygenation)๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„๊นŒ์š”? ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์กฐ์ง์—” ์กฐ์ง์„ ์™•๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๋Š” ๋™๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋งฅ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋™๋งฅ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ํƒˆ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋Œ€ ์„ธ์ •๋งฅ

ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋ฒฝ์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋งฅ์€ ๋” ๋‘๊ป๊ณ  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋งฅ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ํŽŒํ”„์งˆ ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ๋†’์€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด (๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค) ๋‘ ๊ฒน์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•ก์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋งฅ์€ ๋™๋งฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–‡์€ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Suggested Reading

Patwardhan, Kishor. “The History of the Discovery of Blood Circulation: Unrecognized Contributions of Ayurveda Masters.” Advances in Physiology Education 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 77–82. [Source]

Golbidi, Saeid, and Ismail Laher. “Exercise and the Cardiovascular System.” Cardiology Research and Practice 2012 (2012). [Source]