Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to generate soliton crystals in a butterfly-packaged micro-ring resonator using a thermal tuned method. Further, the repetition rate fluctuations of a soliton crystal with a single vacancy are measured using a delayed self-heterodyne method.

Abstract

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the nonlinearity in a propagation Kerr medium. The development of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) in high-Q microcavities drives a novel, compact, chip-scale soliton source. When DKSs serve as femtosecond pulses, the repetition rate fluctuation can be applied to ultrahigh precision metrology, high-speed optical sampling, and optical clocks, etc. In this paper, the rapid repetition rate fluctuation of soliton crystals (SCs), a special state of DKSs where particle-like solitons are tightly packed and fully occupy a resonator, is measured based on the well-known delayed self-heterodyne method. The SCs are generated using a thermal-controlled method. The pump is a frequency fixed laser with a linewidth of 100 Hz. The integral time in frequency fluctuation measurements is controlled by the length of the delay fiber. For a SC with a single vacancy, the repetition rate fluctuations are ~53.24 Hz within 10 µs and ~509.32 Hz within 125 µs, respectively.

Introduction

The steady DKSs in microresonators, where the cavity dispersion is balanced by Kerr nonlinearity, as well as the Kerr gain and cavity dissipation¹, have attracted great interest in the scientific research community for their ultra-high repetition rate, compact size, and low cost². In the time domain, DKSs are stable pulse trains that have been used for high-speed ranging measurement³ and molecular spectroscopy⁴. In the frequency domain, DKSs have a series of frequency lines with equal frequency spacing that are suitable for wavelength-division-multiplex (WDM) communications systems^5,6, optical frequency synthesis^7,8, and ultra-low noise microwave generation^9,10, etc. The phase noise or linewidth of comb lines directly affects the performance of these application systems. It has been proven that all the comb lines have a similar linewidth with the pump¹¹. Therefore, using an ultra-narrow linewidth laser as a pump is an effective approach to improve the performance of DKSs. However, the pumps of most reported DKSs are frequency sweeping external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), which suffer from relatively high noise and have a broad linewidth on the order of tens to hundreds of kHz. Compared with tunable lasers, fixed-frequency lasers have less noise, narrower linewidths and smaller volume. For example, Menlo systems can provide ultra-stable laser products with a linewidth of less than 1 Hz. Using such a frequency fixed laser as a pump can significantly reduce the noise of the generated DKSs. Recently, microheater or thermoelectric cooler (TEC)-based thermal tuning methods have been used for DKSs generation^12,13,14.

Repetition rate stability is another important parameter of DKSs. Generally, frequency counters are used to characterize the frequency stability of DKSs within a gate time, which is generally on the order of a microsecond to a thousand seconds^15,16. Limited by the bandwidth of the photodetector and frequency counter, electro-optic modulators or reference lasers are typically used to lower the detected frequency when the free-spectral-range (FSR) of the DKSs is over 100 GHz. This not only increases the complexity of test systems, but also produces additional measurement errors caused by the stability of RF sources or reference lasers.

In this paper, a micro-ring resonator (MRR) is butterfly packaged with a commercial TEC chip that is used to control the operation temperature. Using a frequency fixed laser with a linewidth of 100 Hz as a pump, soliton crystals (SCs) are stably generated by manually decreasing the operating temperature; these are special DKSs that can completely fill a resonator with collectively ordered ensembles of copropagating solitons¹⁷. To the best of our knowledge, this is the narrowest linewidth pump in DKSs generation experiments. The power spectral density (PSD) spectrum of every comb line is measured based on a delayed self-heterodyne interferometer (DSHI) method. Benefitting from the ultra-narrow linewidth of the comb lines, the repetition rate instability of soliton crystals (SCs) is derived from the central frequency drift of the PSD curves. For the SC with a single vacancy, we obtained a repetition rate instability of ~53.24 Hz within 10 µs and ~509.32 Hz within 125 µs.

The protocol consists of several main stages: First, the MRR is coupled with a fiber array (FA) using a six-axis coupling stage. The MRR is fabricated by a high-index doped silica glass platform^18,19. Then, the MRR is packaged into a 14-pin butterfly package, which increases the stability for the experiments. SCs are generated using a thermal-controlled method. Finally, the repetition rate fluctuations of SCs are measured by a DSHI method.

Protocol

1. Optical coupling

1. Polish the end-face of the MRR on a grinding plate using 1.5 μm abrasive powders (aluminum oxide) mixed with water for 5 min.
2. Fix the MRR with a chip fixture and place an eight-channel FA on a six-axis coupling stage, which includes three linear stages with a resolution of 50 nm and three angle stages with a resolution of 0.003°. The patches of the MRR and FA are 250 μm.
3. Use a 1,550 nm laser as an optical source for real-time monitoring of the coupling efficiency. Carefully adjust the position of the FA until the inset loss reaches the minimum value, typically less than 6 dB, corresponding to a coupling loss of less than 3 dB per facet.
4. Use an ultraviolet (UV) curved adhesive (Table of Materials) to glue the MRR and FA. Place the adhesive on the side edge of the contact surface, which ensures that there is no glue on the optical path.
5. Expose the UV-curved adhesive to a UV lamp for 150 s and bake in a chamber at 120 °C for more than 1 h.

2. Device packaging

1. Conglutinate a 10.2 mm x 6.05 mm TEC chip with a maximum power of 3.9 W to the baseplate of a standard 14-pin butterfly package using silver glue. Solder the two electrodes of the TEC chip to two pins of the butterfly package.
2. Paste a 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm tungsten plate to the surface of the TEC chip using silver glue. Use the tungsten plate as a heat sink to fill the gap between the TEC and MRR.
3. Paste the MRR device to the top of the tungsten plate using silver glue and fix the pigtail of the FA to the output port of the butterfly package.
4. Paste a thermistor chip to the surface of the TEC chip using silver glue. Connect one electrode of the thermistor to the top surface of TEC chip. Wire bond the other electrode of the thermistor and the top surface of TEC chip to two pins of the butterfly package using gold thread.
5. Bake the packaged device at 100 °C for 1 h to solidify the silver glue.
6. Seal the butterfly package. Figure 1 shows the packaged device.

3. SCs generation

1. Figure 2 shows the set-up of the experiments. Use an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) to boost the pump for micro-comb generation. Control the polarization state of the pump using a fiber polarization controller (FPC). Connect all the devices using single mode fibers (SMF).
2. Fix the wavelength of the pump laser at 1,556.3 nm. Manually tune the operation temperature through an external commercial TEC controller.
3. Monitor the output optical spectrum with an optical spectrum analyzer. Detect the output power trace with a 3 GHz photodetector and record with an oscilloscope.
4. Set the output of the EDFA to 34 dBm, corresponding to an on-chip power of 30.5 dBm (considering the coupling loss of the MRR and FA, insert loss of the FPC), which ensures that there is enough power coupled into the MRR for micro-comb generation.
5. Set the thermistor to 2 kΩ, corresponding to an operating temperature of 66 °C. Then slowly decrease the operating temperature by changing the set value of the thermistor. In these experiments, when the thermistor was set to 5.8 kΩ, corresponding to 38 °C, one resonance of the MRR passed through the pump and a triangular shape power trace was recorded.
6. Tune the polarization of the pump by the FPC until an SC step is observed at the falling edge of the triangular transmission power trace. Figure 3 shows a typical optical transmission power trace.
7. Slowly decrease the operation temperature from ~66 °C and stop when a palm-like optical spectrum is observed on the optical spectrum analyzer. The value of the thermistor was around 5.6 kΩ in these experiments. Figure 4A and Figure 5B show the optical spectra of perfect SCs and SCs with a single vacancy, respectively.

4. Repetition rate fluctuation measurement

1. Connect the generated SCs to a tunable bandpass filter (TBPF) to extract an individual comb line. Set the passband of the TBPF to 0.1 nm. Its central wavelength can be tuned over the full C and L band. The filter slope is 400 dB/nm.
2. Couple the selected comb line to an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI). The optical frequency in one arm of the AMZI is shifted by 200 MHz using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). The optical field in the other arm is delayed by a segment of optical fiber. Delay fibers of 2 km and 25 km are used in these experiments.
3. Detect the output optical signal with a photodiode and analyze the PSD spectrum using an electrical spectrum analyzer.
4. Tune the central wavelength of the TBPF. Measure the PSDs of every comb line using the described method. Figure 4B,C shows the PSD spectra for comb lines S1 and S2 of perfect SCs with the 2 km and 25 km delay optical fibers, respectively.
5. Using the same method, measure the PSD curves of SCs with a vacancy. Record the 3 dB bandwidth of the PSD curve and linearly fit it piecewise as shown in Figure 5B,C. Repetition rate fluctuations of ~53.24 Hz within 10 µs and ~509.32 Hz within 125 µs were derived.

Results

Figure 3 shows the transmission power trace while a resonance thermal was tuned across the pump. There was an obvious power step that indicated the generation of SCs. The step had similar power compared with its precursor, the modulational instability comb. Therefore, the generation of SCs was not tuning speed dependent. The SCs exhibited a great variety of states, including vacancies (Schottky defects), Frenkel defects, and superstructure^12,

Discussion

On-chip DKSs provide novel compact coherent optical sources and exhibit excellent application prospects in optical metrology, molecular spectroscopy, and other functions. For commercial applications, compact packaged micro-comb sources are essential. This protocol provides a practical approach to make a packaged micro-comb that benefits from the reliable, low coupling loss connection between the MRR and FA, as well as a robust thermal-controlled DKS generation method. Therefore, our experiments are no longer coupling sta...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
6-axis coupling stage	Suruga Seiki	KXC620G KGW060	Contains 3 linear motorized translation states and 3 angular motorized rotational stages. Linear state: Minimum stepping: 0.05 μm; Travel: 20mm; Max.speed: 25mm/s; Repeatability: +/-0.3 μm; Rotational stage:Travel: ±8°; Resolution/pulse: 0.003 degree; Repeatability:±0.005°
Abrasive powder	Shenyang Kejing Auto-Instrument Co., LTD	2980002	Silicon carbide, granularity: 1.5 μm
Glue 3410	Electronic Materials Incorporated	Optocast 3410	Optocast 3410 is an ultra violet light and heat curable epoxy suitable for opto-electronic assembly. It cures rapidly when exposed to U.V. light in the 320-380 nm.
High-index doped silica glass	Home-made	-	The MRR is fabricated by a high index doped silica glass platform. The waveguide section is 2×3 μm and radius is 592.1 μm, corresponding to FSR of 49 GHz.
Pump laser	NKT Photonics	E15	It is a continuous wave fiber laser with linewidth of 100 Hz.
Ultrastable Laser	Menlosystems	ORS	State-of-the-art linewidth (<1Hz) and stability (<2 x 10-15 Hz)