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Overview
출처: 조나단 플롬바움 연구소 -존스 홉킨스 대학
구어체, 용어 학습 및 기억 행동 및 정신 시스템의 넓은 범위를 포함, 모든 모든 것을 학습에서 신발을 묶어 미적분 (그리고 그 사이에 많은). 실험 심리학자들은 학습 메커니즘을 다른 특성을 가진 것으로 보이며 다른 뇌 시스템에 의존하는 것으로 보이는 그룹으로 나누었습니다. 중요한 분열은 선언적 기억과 비선언적 기억, 대략, 사람이 구두로 표현할 수 있는 것들, 즉 생년월일처럼, 또는 점심을 먹기 위해 무엇을 먹었는지, 그리고 그들이 암묵적으로 아는 것들, 즉 거리 이름을 모르고 집에 가는 방법, 또는 오믈렛을 뒤집는 방법 사이에 있습니다.
비선언적 기억의 영역에서 중요한 종류의 학습은 운동 학습을 포함하며 때로는 절차 적 기억이라고도합니다. 자동차를 운전하는 법을 배우는 것은 좋은 예입니다. 처음에는 일반적으로 힘들며 다음에 무엇을 해야 할지 기억하려는 명시적 시도를 포함하는 것으로 보입니다. 하지만 결국에는 제2의 본성이 되고, 사람이 어떻게 해야 할지 알고 있고, 시간이 지남에 따라 더 잘 하고 더 잘 하는 것은 다른 사람에게 설명하기어려울 수 있습니다.
미러 드로잉은 예를 들어 운전과 관련된 학습 된 운동 기술의 획득을 조사하기위한 일반적인 실험실 패러다임입니다. 이 비디오는 미러 드로잉에 대한 표준 절차를 보여 줍니다.
Procedure
Results
The results are graphed by plotting the number of errors in a session as a function of sequence (Figure 2). Note that performance improved over time. This is evidence of motor learning taking place. The strongest evidence is in the sessions following the long break. Here, the participant’s starting point is better than their starting point before the break. In other words, they retained what they learned, rather than forgetting it. Second, the rate of improvement—the slope of the curve—is steeper after the break. The participant learns more quickly, owing to the learning that has already taken place.
Figure 2: Mirror drawing errors as a function of session number. In this version of the experiment, the participant received a long break of 2 hrs between sessions 5 and 6, instead of the usual 10-min break between the other sessions.
Applications and Summary
Mirror drawing has many applications for investigating the mechanisms of motor learning. For example, if a researcher wanted to investigate whether sleep supports motor learning, they might compare a group of participants who complete blocks of mirror drawing sessions, separated by a nap, with another group for whom the sessions are separated by a break without sleep. If the nap group showed fewer errors in the first session after the break than the no-nap group, it would suggest that napping promotes retention of recently learned motor skills. A similar conclusion could be reached if the nap group showed a greater rate of improvement after the nap than the group without the nap.
Perhaps the most famous application of mirror drawing is in the case of patient Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.). Surgeons removed most of H.M.’s hippocampus in order to prevent life-threatening seizures. Fortunately, the surgery worked, and his seizure’s subsided.
The hippocampus is now known to play a crucial role in the formation of new memories, and H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia. He was unable to form new explicit memories. He could not remember events that took place just moments ago, such as a doctor having just visited his hospital room. Amazingly, when it came to mirror drawing, H.M. performed just like everyone else—he improved, and he showed retained improvements and more rapid improvements on subsequent testing days. This famous study, done by psychologist Brenda Milner, in many ways led to the recognition of a distinction between explicit and implicit memory and the brain mechanisms supporting them. For example, follow-up experiments with patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease—which tends to have its earliest and most severe effects in the hippocampus—have suggested that they, like H.M., often possess a preserved ability for motor learning, despite rampant memory impairment in general.
Transcript
Studying motor learning allows for the investigation of, and better understanding into, distinct cognitive mechanisms. For instance, the process of acquiring a new motor skill, such as driving, at first seems arduous but eventually transitions to become second nature.
Experimental psychologists divide up learning and memory processes into subtypes that are associated with different brain systems.
These subtypes distinguish between the knowledge for facts and knowing how to do something. Explicit or declarative memory encompasses factual information, like a birthdate, or what one ate for lunch. Implicit or procedural memory includes things a person cannot quite put into words, like how to get home despite not knowing the street names, or how to skate.
Within the domain of implicit memory lays motor memories. Such memories require motor learning to occur.Learning to walk on a balance beam is a good example.
Using the commonly employed mirror drawing paradigm, this video demonstrates how to setup and perform a study to investigate the acquisition of motor skills, as well as how to analyze and interpret the data.
A mirror drawing experiment requires a pencil, a mirror with dimensions of about 12 inches by 8 inches and that can stand on its own, and an occlude made of wood, foam, or cardboard that can also stand independently. The occluder blocks the direct viewing of the table, requiring the participant to use the mirror to see.
Position the mirror about 12 inches from the edge of a table, standing upright. Next, place the occluder about 6 inches from the edge of the table, making sure that the view of the space in front of the mirror is blocked.
A key component of this experiment is the stimulus, which is a large star shape with a smaller one within it. No matter what the shape is, the stimulus will always consist of a path for the participant to trace.
As the last step before the participant arrives, label the paper with the session number, and place it in the space on the table between the occluder and the mirror.
During each testing session, sit the participant at the table in front of the occluder. Inform him or her that he or she will be tested in multiple sessions with rest breaks in between.
Now instruct the participant to place the pencil tip down at any point on the star, between the two borderlines. Without lifting the pencil up, have him or her trace around the star, coming fully back around, and trying to stay within the borders.
After each session, give the participant a break for at least 10 min.
The analysis for mirror drawing involves counting the number of times the participant crossed the borderlines in each experimental session.
The counted errors are then graphed by plotting the number of errors in a session as a function of session number.
For this participant, overall performance or accuracy in tracing improved over time. Two lines of evidence suggest motor learning occurred.
First, in the session following the long 2-hour break, the participant made fewer errors than in the first session of the day. This savings effect suggests retention of what was learned before the break.
Second, the rate of improvement-the slope of the curve-was steeper after the 2-hour break. Such slopes suggest that the participant learned more quickly, given that learning had previously taken place.
Now that you are familiar with setting up a mirror drawing experiment, let’s look at how experimental psychologists use the technique to investigate mechanisms that involve motor learning.
For example, researchers use mirror drawing to investigate the impact of sleep on motor learning. One experiment compared a group of participants that took a nap between sessions against another group that did not sleep during the breaks between sessions.
A decrease in the number of errors for the napping group indicated that sleep promotes retention of recently learned motor skills, as well as a greater rate of improvement.
Perhaps the most famous application of mirror drawing involves the case of patient Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) who had most of his hippocampus, a brain region important for the formation of new memories, removed in order to prevent life-threatening seizures.
Fortunately, the surgery worked and his seizure’s subsided. Unfortunately, H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia making him unable to form new explicit memories.
Amazingly, when it came to mirror drawing, H.M. performed just like everyone else-he showed retained improvements and more rapid improvements on subsequent testing days. This famous study led to the recognition of a distinction between explicit and implicit memory and the brain systems supporting them.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to mirror drawing. Now you should have a good understanding of how to setup and perform an experiment, as well as analyze and assess the results.
Thanks for watching!