运动技能学习中镜子绘图
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Overview
资料来源： 实验室的乔纳森 Flombaum — — 约翰 · 霍普金斯大学
口语，记忆与学习的条款包括一系列广泛的行为和心理系统，一切从学会系鞋到掌握微积分 （和很多在这两者之间）。实验心理学家已经瓜分学习机制分为组，似乎有不同的属性，和这似乎依赖于不同的大脑系统。主要司是声明式和非陈述性记忆，大致上，之间的事情一个人可以口头表达 — — 明确地说，像生日，或者一个午饭吃了什么 — — 和他们相当不能用语言表达的东西 — — 他们知道隐式，比如如何回家尽管不知道街道的名称或如何翻转一个煎蛋卷。
在域非陈述性记忆的过程中，一种重要的学习涉及到运动技能学习，有时也被称为程序性记忆.学会开车是很好的例子。起初它是通常艰巨，似乎涉及明确试图记住接下来做什么。最终它变成第二天性，虽然，东西，一个人只是知道如何去做 — — 做更好的和更好的随着时间的推移 — — 但这可很难向别人解释。
绘图的镜子是调查采集电机学到的技能，例如涉及在驾驶中，这种共同实验室范式。该视频演示了镜子画的标准程序。
Procedure
Results
The results are graphed by plotting the number of errors in a session as a function of sequence (Figure 2). Note that performance improved over time. This is evidence of motor learning taking place. The strongest evidence is in the sessions following the long break. Here, the participant’s starting point is better than their starting point before the break. In other words, they retained what they learned, rather than forgetting it. Second, the rate of improvement—the slope of the curve—is steeper after the break. The participant learns more quickly, owing to the learning that has already taken place.
Figure 2: Mirror drawing errors as a function of session number. In this version of the experiment, the participant received a long break of 2 hrs between sessions 5 and 6, instead of the usual 10-min break between the other sessions.
Applications and Summary
Mirror drawing has many applications for investigating the mechanisms of motor learning. For example, if a researcher wanted to investigate whether sleep supports motor learning, they might compare a group of participants who complete blocks of mirror drawing sessions, separated by a nap, with another group for whom the sessions are separated by a break without sleep. If the nap group showed fewer errors in the first session after the break than the no-nap group, it would suggest that napping promotes retention of recently learned motor skills. A similar conclusion could be reached if the nap group showed a greater rate of improvement after the nap than the group without the nap.
Perhaps the most famous application of mirror drawing is in the case of patient Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.). Surgeons removed most of H.M.’s hippocampus in order to prevent life-threatening seizures. Fortunately, the surgery worked, and his seizure’s subsided.
The hippocampus is now known to play a crucial role in the formation of new memories, and H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia. He was unable to form new explicit memories. He could not remember events that took place just moments ago, such as a doctor having just visited his hospital room. Amazingly, when it came to mirror drawing, H.M. performed just like everyone else—he improved, and he showed retained improvements and more rapid improvements on subsequent testing days. This famous study, done by psychologist Brenda Milner, in many ways led to the recognition of a distinction between explicit and implicit memory and the brain mechanisms supporting them. For example, follow-up experiments with patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease—which tends to have its earliest and most severe effects in the hippocampus—have suggested that they, like H.M., often possess a preserved ability for motor learning, despite rampant memory impairment in general.
Transcript
Studying motor learning allows for the investigation of, and better understanding into, distinct cognitive mechanisms. For instance, the process of acquiring a new motor skill, such as driving, at first seems arduous but eventually transitions to become second nature.
Experimental psychologists divide up learning and memory processes into subtypes that are associated with different brain systems.
These subtypes distinguish between the knowledge for facts and knowing how to do something. Explicit or declarative memory encompasses factual information, like a birthdate, or what one ate for lunch. Implicit or procedural memory includes things a person cannot quite put into words, like how to get home despite not knowing the street names, or how to skate.
Within the domain of implicit memory lays motor memories. Such memories require motor learning to occur.Learning to walk on a balance beam is a good example.
Using the commonly employed mirror drawing paradigm, this video demonstrates how to setup and perform a study to investigate the acquisition of motor skills, as well as how to analyze and interpret the data.
A mirror drawing experiment requires a pencil, a mirror with dimensions of about 12 inches by 8 inches and that can stand on its own, and an occlude made of wood, foam, or cardboard that can also stand independently. The occluder blocks the direct viewing of the table, requiring the participant to use the mirror to see.
Position the mirror about 12 inches from the edge of a table, standing upright. Next, place the occluder about 6 inches from the edge of the table, making sure that the view of the space in front of the mirror is blocked.
A key component of this experiment is the stimulus, which is a large star shape with a smaller one within it. No matter what the shape is, the stimulus will always consist of a path for the participant to trace.
As the last step before the participant arrives, label the paper with the session number, and place it in the space on the table between the occluder and the mirror.
During each testing session, sit the participant at the table in front of the occluder. Inform him or her that he or she will be tested in multiple sessions with rest breaks in between.
Now instruct the participant to place the pencil tip down at any point on the star, between the two borderlines. Without lifting the pencil up, have him or her trace around the star, coming fully back around, and trying to stay within the borders.
After each session, give the participant a break for at least 10 min.
The analysis for mirror drawing involves counting the number of times the participant crossed the borderlines in each experimental session.
The counted errors are then graphed by plotting the number of errors in a session as a function of session number.
For this participant, overall performance or accuracy in tracing improved over time. Two lines of evidence suggest motor learning occurred.
First, in the session following the long 2-hour break, the participant made fewer errors than in the first session of the day. This savings effect suggests retention of what was learned before the break.
Second, the rate of improvement-the slope of the curve-was steeper after the 2-hour break. Such slopes suggest that the participant learned more quickly, given that learning had previously taken place.
Now that you are familiar with setting up a mirror drawing experiment, let’s look at how experimental psychologists use the technique to investigate mechanisms that involve motor learning.
For example, researchers use mirror drawing to investigate the impact of sleep on motor learning. One experiment compared a group of participants that took a nap between sessions against another group that did not sleep during the breaks between sessions.
A decrease in the number of errors for the napping group indicated that sleep promotes retention of recently learned motor skills, as well as a greater rate of improvement.
Perhaps the most famous application of mirror drawing involves the case of patient Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) who had most of his hippocampus, a brain region important for the formation of new memories, removed in order to prevent life-threatening seizures.
Fortunately, the surgery worked and his seizure’s subsided. Unfortunately, H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia making him unable to form new explicit memories.
Amazingly, when it came to mirror drawing, H.M. performed just like everyone else-he showed retained improvements and more rapid improvements on subsequent testing days. This famous study led to the recognition of a distinction between explicit and implicit memory and the brain systems supporting them.
You’ve just watched JoVE’s introduction to mirror drawing. Now you should have a good understanding of how to setup and perform an experiment, as well as analyze and assess the results.
Thanks for watching!