Dental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Center of Jiading District 1 article published in JoVE Developmental Biology Formation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cell Spheroids on Chitosan Films Xiangzhen Yan*1, Xing Ran*2, Siying Xia1, Yanan Yang1, Min Zhou1, Chunxue Yuan3, Lijun Luo1 1Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 2Department of Periodontology, Dental Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center of Jiading District, 3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Here, we present protocols of culturing human periodontal ligament (PDL) cell spheroids by chitosan films. The culture of three-dimensional (3D) cellular spheroids provides an alternative to conventional tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) culture system.