JoVE Journal > Biology
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
자동 번역
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생물학

内因性の免疫蛍光分析および外因性セントロメア、動原体タンパク質

Published: March 03, 2016
doi:
10.3791/53732
,
1Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases,Nationwide Children’s Hospital

Summary

Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).

Abstract

“Centromeres” and “kinetochores” refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere-kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations. However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.1-4 Here we report optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A proteins, including those in human cells.

Introduction

「セントロメア」は、古典的遺伝学の抑制減数分裂期組換えの領域として定義され、それ以降の有糸分裂の間に正確な染色体の分離において重要な役割を果たしている有糸分裂染色体の一次狭窄、として認識されました。 「動原体」は、電子顕微鏡によって明らかにされるように、動原体の表面に微小管に結合した多層構造として説明しました。 「動原体」は、後に、有糸分裂の染色体のセントロメアに局在高分子複合体として定義されていました。脊椎動物の中で動原体DNA配列の劇的な相違にもかかわらず、動原体の構造および組成は、高度に保存されています。スピンドル微小管と動原体の間の動的相互作用は、忠実な有糸分裂時の染色体の分離、および異数性およびそれによって癌にセン​​トロメア動原体機能のリードの欠陥のために必要とされます。

ほとんどの真核生物におけるセントロメア何も定義されたDNA配列を持っていませんが、171-bpのαサテライトDNAからなる反復アルフォイドDNAの大規模な配列（0.3-5 MB）で構成されています。出芽酵母を除いて、セントロメアのアイデンティティはないDNA配列ではなく、ヒストンH3バリアントCenH3（ヒトにおけるセントロメアプロテインA [CENP-A]）を含む特別なヌクレオソームの存在によって達成される。5 CENP-Aヌクレオソームがに局在します171-bpのαサテライトDNAに対する哺乳動物動原体7と結合するのインナープレート。アクティブ動原体は、一緒に紡錘体チェックポイントを介して紡錘体とそれに続く周期の進行に染色体の付着を調節する構成的セントロメア関連するネットワーク（CCAN）の動員および動原体タンパク質を、指示するためにCENP-Aを含むヌクレオソームが必要です。

上記の証拠に照らして、CENP-Aはセントロメア8のエピジェネティックなマークであることが提案されています。しかしながら、CENP-Aが組み込まれたプロセスは、私NtoのセントロメアDNAと、この取り込みを担当する要因はまだ十分に特徴付けられていません。ショートセントロメア標的化ドメイン（CATD）は、CENP-Aの領域に折り畳むヒストンに常駐し、CATDとH3の対応する領域の交換が動原体への直接H3に十分なものである。9いくつかの研究は、翻訳後のための機能的役割を示唆しましたCENP-12-16の変更（PTM）。しかし、動原体への動員においてCENP-AのこれらのPTMの分子メカニズムはまだ解明されていません。我々は以前CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3リガーゼ活性が動原体にCENP-AのCENP-A K124のユビキチン化およびローカライズのために必要とされていることを報告した。17

動原体タンパク質の発見および特徴付けは、染色体分離に関する新たな知見をもたらしている。18 100以上の動原体の構成要素は様々なアプローチによって、脊椎動物細胞で同定されている。19,20の下で動原体が集合し、機能はまた、細胞内の各セントロメア-動原体タンパク質の細胞機能の特性評価およびタンパク質間ネットワークから来ている。19直接可視化し、蛍光顕微鏡での高度な画像処理方法が動原体動原体の構成要素の著しい分解能を提供し、許可する方法のスタンディングセントロメアと動原体の特定の分子成分の直接観察。また、特異的な抗体を用いた間接蛍光抗体法（IIF）染色は、これらの観​​測に不可欠です。しかし、IIFプロトコルに関する多くの報告にもかかわらず、特定のセントロメア-動原体タンパク質の詳細な問題に議論少数。1-4はこのように、開発と特異的に各セントロメア動原体タンパク質を分析するIIF染色および定量IIFアッセイの方法を報告することは非常に重要です。 IIF染色では、一つの目的のタンパク質の損失を回避するために、染色プロトコルを進めるべきですかセルの残りの部分。しかし、固定は時折抗原部位を破壊し、異なる抗体-抗原の組み合わせは、他と非常によく1固定液で十分に機能しない、しかし、21および固定剤の選択は、目的のタンパク質（複数可）に大きく依存します。したがって、異なる固定液法が動原体動原体タンパク質のIIF染色で重要です。

間接免疫蛍光（IIF）染色およびCENP-AおよびFLAGタグ外因性のCENP-A蛋白質、およびヒト細胞におけるこれらのタンパク質の定量を含む内因性のセントロメア-動原体タンパク質の局在化に対処するためのアッセイのここで最適化された方法が開発されています。これらの方法は、他の種におけるセントロメア、動原体タンパク質の分析に適用することができます。

Protocol

1.細胞培養およびトランスフェクション 6ウェルのポリスチレンプレートにカバーガラス（22ミリメートル×22 mm）を入れてください。以下の手順でカバーガラス上の有糸分裂細胞を維持するための水に任意でコートポリ-L-リジンとカバーガラス、w / vの0.1％、（マテリアル/機器のリストを参照してください）​​： 注：最適な条件は、各細胞株および適用のために決定されなけれ…

Representative Results

内因性のCENP-Aの免疫蛍光分析は、CUL4A-E3リガーゼは、セントロメアにCENP-Aの局在に必要とされるという仮説を支持します 我々の最近の研究では、CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3リガーゼ活性がCENP-Aおよび動原体へのCENP-Aの局在化に対するリジン124（K124）のユビキチン化のために必要とされることを示した。17最初に、相間-動原体複合体（ICENが）によって単?…

Discussion

近年では多くの研究が固定された細胞のための異なる定量的な顕微鏡アッセイを開発した。42セントロメア動原体の生物学の進歩は、多くの場合、細胞内の空間的・時間的規制はの変更機能を反映するのタンパク質のセントロメア特異的または動原体特異的な機能を理解する必要があります細胞周期の間に、これらのタンパク質。そこで、ここではIIF染色、具体的に異なって処理され…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

この作品は、NIHの助成金GM68418によってサポートされていました。

Materials

Lipofectamin 2000 Life Technologies/Invitrogen 11668 transfection reagent I
Lipofectamin RNAiMAX Life Technologies/Invitrogen 13778 transfection reagent II
Opti-MEM I Life Technologies/Invitrogen 31985 Reduced serum media, warm in 37 °C water bath before use
High-glucose DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium) Life Technologies/BioWhittaker 12-604 high-glucose DMEM, warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin Life Technologies/Gibco 10082 FBS (fetal bovine serum)
Poly-L-Lysine SOLUTION SIGMA-SLDRICH P 8920 Poly-L-Lysine, 0.1% w/v, in water
UltraPure Distilled Water Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Gibco 10977 Sterile tissue culture grade water 
Micro Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm)  Surgipath 105 Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm) 
6 Well Cell Culture Cluster Fisher/Corning Incorporated 07-200-83 6-well polystyrene plate 
Penicillin, Streptomycin; Liquid Fisher/Gibco 15-140 Penicillin-streptomycin
PAP PEN  Binding Site AD100.1 Hydrophobic barrier pen (for a water repellant barrier in immunofluorescent staining)
Paclitaxel (Taxol) SIGMA-SLDRICH T7402 Taxol for mitotic cell analysis
TN-16, microtubule inhibitor (TN16) Enzo Life Sciences BML-T120 TN16 for mitotic cell analysis
BSA (bovine serum albumin) SIGMA-SLDRICH A7906 Blocking reagent
Triton X-100 SIGMA-SLDRICH T8787 Detergent for permeabilization
Paraformaldehyde SIGMA-SLDRICH P6148 Fixation reagant
DAPI SIGMA-SLDRICH D9542 For nuclear staining
p-phenylenediamine SIGMA-SLDRICH P6001 For mounting medium
VWR Micro Slides, Frosted VWR International 48312-013 Micro slides 
Anti-CENP-A antibody Stressgen/Enzo Life Sciences KAM-CC006 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-CENP-B antibody Novus Biologicals H00001059-B01P Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)
Anti-CENP-B antibody  abcam ab25734 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)
Anti-centromere antibody (ACA) Fitzgerald Industries International, Inc. 90C-CS1058 Human centromere antiserum; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-H antibody Bethyl Laboratories BL1112 (A400-007A) Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-H antibody BD 612142 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-I antibody N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF); Niikura et al., Oncogene, 4133-4146 (2006)
Anti-KNL1 antibody Novus Biologicals NBP1-89223 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Hec1 antibody Novus Biologicals / GeneTex NB 100-338 / GTX70268 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Hec1 antibody GeneTex GTX110735 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Ska1 antibody abcam ab46826 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Flag antibody SIGMA-ALDRICH F3165 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-Flag antibody SIGMA-ALDRICH F7425 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-CUL4A antibody N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:3000 (WB); Shiyanov et al., The Journal of biological chemistry, 35309-35312 (1999)
Anti-RBX1 antibody Cell Signaling 4397 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (WB)
Anti-GAPDH antibody Chemicon MAB374 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:5000 (WB)
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11001 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11005 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11008 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11012 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Non fat powdered milk (approved substitution for carnation powdered milk) Fisher Scientific NC9255871 (Reorder No. 190915; Lot# 90629) Skim milk
Leica DM IRE2 motorized fluorescence microscope  Leica motorized fluorescence microscope 
HCX PL APO 63x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PH 3 CS 63X oil immersion lens
HCX PL APO 100x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PHE 100X oil immersion lens
Leica EL6000 compact light source Leica External compact light source for fluorescent excitation
ORCA-R2 Digital CCD camera  Hamamatsu C10600-10B digital CCD camera 
Openlab version 5.5.2 Scientific Imaging Software  Perkin Elmer/Improvision For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis
Velocity version 6.1.1 3D Image Analysis Software  Perkin Elmer/Improvision For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis
Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail Roche 11873580001/11836170001 Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets
PlusOne 2-D Quant Kit Amersham Biosciences 80-6483-56 Commercial protein assay reagent I for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 2% SDS)
Bio-Rad Protein Assay Bio-Rad 500-0006 Commercial protein assay reagent II for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 0.1% SDS)
Immobilon-FL EMD Millipore IPFL00010 PVDF membrane for transferring
IRDye 800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LI-COR Biosciences 926-32210 IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
IRDye 680 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG LI-COR Biosciences 926-32221 IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-Mouse IgG DyLight 549 Fisher Scientific PI35507 DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-Rabbit DyLight 649 Fisher Scientific PI35565 DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP Santa Cruz SC-2005 HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)
Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP Santa Cruz SC-2004 HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)
Openlab version 5.5.2. Scientific Imaging Software  Improvision/PerkinElmer Software A
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Acquisition) PerkinElmer Software B1
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Quantification) PerkinElmer Software B2
Branson SONIFIER 450 Sonicator
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Step, Solid, Threaded 9.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc.  33995-325 Disruptor horn for sonication
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Tapered 6.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc.  33996-185 Microtip for sonication
Odyssey CLx Infrared imaging System  LI-COR Biosciences Infrared imaging system for immunoblot detection
Image Studio Analysis Software Ver 4.0  LI-COR Biosciences Software C
Molecular Imager Versadoc MP4000 System  Bio-Rad Chemiluminescence imager for immunoblot detection
Quantity One 1-D analysis software  Bio-Rad Software D
SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate Thermo 34095 Ultra-sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrate
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ImmunofluorescenceEndogenousExogenousCentromere-kinetochore ProteinsCENP-ACell CultureTransfectionFixationPermeabilizationAntibody LabelingMicroscopy

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Niikura, Y., Kitagawa, K. Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (109), e53732, doi:10.3791/53732 (2016).
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