Universitares Herz- und Gefabzentrum UKE Hamburg 1 article published in JoVE Medicine Cardiac Response to β-Adrenergic Stimulation Determined by Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Rebekka Medert*1,2, Lucas Bacmeister*1,2,3, Sebastian Segin*1,2,4, Marc Freichel1,2, Juan E. Camacho Londoño1,2 1Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 2DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 3Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, 4Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen Here we describe a cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis under increasing doses of intravenously infused isoproterenol to determine the intrinsic cardiac function and the β-adrenergic reserve in mice. We use a modified open-chest approach for the pressure-volume loop measurements, in which we include ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure.