Chapter 33
Visualizing Cells, Tissues, and Molecules
Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical…
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to…
Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of…
A fluorescence microscope uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which can absorb energy from a light source and then emit this energy…
Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample.…
Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its…
Different fluorescence-based techniques are used to study the protein dynamics in living cells. These techniques include FRAP, FRET, and…
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a…
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass,…
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread…
The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes…
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a…
In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light…
To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam…
Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells…
Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of…
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron…
Sequential Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry on Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos
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Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The…
The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology.…
Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure
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Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is a powerful technique for structure determination of macromolecular complexes, via single particle analysis…
