Chapter 0
Physics Basics
Many familiar physical quantities can be specified completely by giving a single number and the appropriate unit. For example, "a class period…
Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the…
To define some physical quantities, there is a need to specify both magnitude as well as direction. For example, when the U.S. Coast Guard dispatches…
A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example,…
Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the…
In any measurement, the precision of the measuring tool is an essential factor. An ordinary ruler, for example, can measure length to the closest…
Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can…
The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an…
To describe the motion of an object, one should first be able to describe its position (where it is at any particular time). More precisely, the…
Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example, medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but…
Newton's second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and…
Tension is a force along the length of a medium, in particular, a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable. The word…
In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down…
Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
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Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color;…
High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
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Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood.…
A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This…
