Chapter 4
Introduction to Separation Methods
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated…
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform…
Filtration is a physical separation process that involves passing a suspension through a porous medium to separate solids from fluids. During…
Centrifugation is a separation technique based on differences in density or size. It is commonly used to separate solids from aqueous interferents.…
Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide…
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur.…
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources.…
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form…
Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively…
Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that…
The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law,…
Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the…
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here,…
Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile…
Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules…
Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used…
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions…
The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s…
In sexual reproduction, a male gamete or sperm cell fuses with a female gamete to bring about fertilization. However, a large number of sperm cells…
