The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified into…

The cell-mediated immune system is the host’s primary response against invasive bacteria and viruses that cause intracellular infections. It…

The humoral immune response, also known as the antibody-mediated immune response, targets pathogens circulating in “humors,” or…

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by…

Antibodies bind to toxins or substances on the surface of cells, bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The substance is called an antigen, and the precise…

The ability of a single antibody to recognize multiple structurally similar epitopes is an important immune defense strategy that enables the host…

We speak of an allergy when the immune system triggers a response against a benign foreign structure, like food, pollen or pet dander. These…

In response to tissue injury and infection, mast cells initiate inflammation. Mast cells release chemicals that increase the permeability of…

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material from pathogens to confer immunity against a specific microorganism. Vaccination primes the…

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding…

A major hallmark of the autoimmune demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is immune cell infiltration into the brain and spinal cord resulting…

Here we describe a method to conditionally induce epithelial cell transformation by the use of the 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) inducible…

The intestinal epithelial barrier separates the host from the microbiota that is normally tolerated or ignored. The breach of this barrier results in…