Intravital Fluorescence Microscopy to Study Microvascular Thrombus Formation

Overview

This video demonstrates the intravital fluorescence microscopy technique to study thrombus formation in a mouse model. The mouse is injected with a fluorophore-labeled polysaccharide to monitor blood circulation. Upon illumination with a high-intensity light, the phototoxic induction of an injury in the microvasculature of the ear leads to the formation of a thrombus, which is confirmed by visualizing the obstruction in the blood flow.

Protocol

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.

1. Prearrangement of the Animals

1. Weigh a mouse and load the respective drug (e.g., the cannabinoid, 5 mg/kg body weight (bw)) into an insulin syringe. Administer the drug 30 min prior to thrombus induction.
2. By holding the neck of the mouse between the thumb and the index finger and the tail of the mouse with the little finger, stretch the animal and inject the drug intraperitoneally (ip) into the bottom left quadrant of the abdomen. Put the animal back into the cage for 15 min.
3. Prepare anesthesia with ketamine (90 mg/kg bw) and xylazine (25 mg/kg bw). 15 min prior to thrombus induction, anesthetize the mouse. Put the mouse in the cage, pull the tail slightly, and inject the anesthetics ip with an insulin syringe.
4. Put the mouse back into the cage until the onset of anesthesia. To verify sufficient anesthesia, pinch the tail with forceps.
5. Load 0.05 mL of defrosted fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FITC-dextran; 5%, 150 kDa) into an insulin syringe. While filling the syringe, ensure that no air bubbles remain, because even small intravenously (iv)-administered air bubbles can be lethal for the animal.
6. Place the anesthetized mouse on a heating plate in the facedown position. Adjust the heating plate to 37 °C.
7. Put eye ointment on the cornea of the mouse. Disinfect the skin and use sterile instruments.
8. Stitch two sutures of polypropylene 7/0 into the cranial and caudal edge of the right ear. Place the stitches as close to the edge and as proximal to the base as possible (Figure 1B).
9. Shift the mouse to the dorsal position. Fix all legs to the acryl glass platform using adhesive strips. Hook a suture under the front teeth and position the head in dorsiflexion by sticking the suture to the acryl glass with adhesive strips.
10. Translocate the animal on the platform under the operation stereomicroscope. Use 16X magnification.

2. Preparation of the Left Jugular Vein and Injection of FITC-Dextran

Note: For microscopy of the right ear, prepare the left jugular vein.

1. Using a scalpel, create a 5-mm incision in the skin on the left side of the neck in a craniocaudal direction. Dissect the subcutaneous tissue with microforceps and microscissors. Either ligate crossing vessels with polyester 8/0 sutures or with electrocoagulation.
2. Free the vein from its adventitia using micro forceps and microscissors without touching the vessel.
3. Use the prepared insulin syringe for the injection of the fluorescent dye. Carefully grab the vessel wall with the microforceps, without perforating the vein. Penetrate the distended vessel wall with the syringe and inject FITC-dextran iv.
4. Stop the bleeding after withdrawing the syringe using cotton swabs. Avoid blood and dye contamination of the ear.

3. Positioning of the Right Ear for Intravital Fluorescence Microscopy

1. Transfer the animal on the heating plate to an acryl glass construction with a slot for the heating plate and a 0.5 cm-high plane for positioning the ear.
2. Fix the animal face down on the heating plate using adhesive strips. Place the relatively strong and convex cartilage at the base of the ear beside the 0.5 cm-high planes for the ear (Figure 1B) so that the apical part of the ear can be positioned flat on the plane.
3. Add one drop of room-temperature 0.9% NaCl to the acryl glass plane in order to position the ear. Place the right ear, with the prearranged sutures on its concave ventral side facing downwards, on the drop of 0.9% NaCl. Using cotton swabs, absorb the drop of NaCl and let capillary forces attach the ear plane to the acryl glass.
4. Tape the sutures to the acryl glass to fix the position of the ear.
5. Add one drop of 0.9% room temperature NaCl to the convex dorsal side of the ear. Carefully put one coverslip (0.5 cm diameter) on the ear without compressing the basal vessels entering the ear. Using cotton swabs, remove as much NaCl as possible from under the coverslip in order to minimize the distance between the coverslip and the ear target vessels.

4. Intravital Fluorescence Microscopy and Thrombus Induction of the Right Ear

1. Adjust the intravital fluorescence microscope for FITC-dextran visualization (450 - 490 nm; FT: 510; LP: 520). Use a variable 100-W mercury lamp as a light source. Connect a high-resolution, black-and-white CCD camera to a DVD recorder.
2. Transfer the animal on the acryl glass containing the heating plate with the fixed abducted ear to the desk of the intravital fluorescence microscope.
3. Using 20X magnification (20X/0.95 numeric aperture) and 20% light intensity, search for a venous vessel 50 - 60 µm in diameter and with an anterograde blood flow of 400 - 600 µm/s.
4. Add one drop of room-temperature water to the coverslip for water immersion of the 63x magnification objective (63X/0.95 numeric aperture). Use a syringe with a 1-mm diameter cannula and place the drop on the objective of the microscope. Add just enough water to contact the coverslip and the objective with the water drop.
5. Immediately after the application of the water drop, begin recording the vessel for 20 s with 20% light intensity for the offline measurement of the diameter and blood flow.
6. Start thrombus induction 5 min after the injection of FITC-dextran. For this purpose, raise the light intensity to 100%.
7. During thrombus induction, close the aperture of the microscope for 2 s within a period of 30-s to check the blood flow. In case of persisting blood flow, open the aperture again. In case of stopped blood flow, observe the vessel for 30 s.
   NOTE: The vessel is classified as occluded if the flow stands still for 30 s or more or if the blood flows retrogradely. If the orthograde blood flow starts again, completely open the aperture and continue the thrombus induction until vessel occlusion occurs as described above. During early thrombus induction, ensure that the times when the aperture was closed to check the blood flow are as short as possible in order to maintain almost continuous epi-illumination. Later, during thrombus growth, the vessel is perfused with a less fluorescent dye, so it can be observed continuously.
8. Select and occlude 5 vessels per ear. Limit the time of thrombus induction under the microscope to approximately 1 h after the injection of FITC-dextran.

Representative Results

Figure 1. Preparation of the Jugular Vein (A) and Placement of the Ear for Intravital Microscopy (B). (A) Using the operation stereomicroscope, the right jugular vein is prepared. The sutures for the placement of the left ear are stitched before the injection of FITC-dextran. The wound from the prior dissection of the left jugular vein is closed with transcutaneous sutures (B). The left ear is fixed with polypropylene 7/0 sutures. A coverslip is carefully placed without compressing the basal vessels of the ear. A heating plate maintains the body temperature of the animal during the whole experiment.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
SKH-1/hr mice	Charles River	477	Can be purchased from other vendors
Operation stereomicroscope	Leica	M651/M655	Can be purchased from other vendors
Intravital microscope	Zeiss	Axiotech Vario 100	Can be purchased from other vendors
Objective (20x/0.95)	Zeiss	20x/0,50 W; Plan-NEOFLUAR	Can be purchased from other vendors
Objective (63x/0.95)	Zeiss	63x/0,95 W; ACHROPLAN	Can be purchased from other vendors
Black and white CCD-camera	Pieper	FK 6990 IQ-S	Can be purchased from other vendors
DVD-recorder	Panasonic	DMR-EX99V	Can be purchased from other vendors
Sodium chloride	Braun	5/12612055/1011	Can be purchased from other vendors
Ketamine 10%	Bela pharm	F3901-6	Can be purchased from other vendors
Xylazine 2%	Bayer	6293841.00.00	Can be purchased from other vendors
FITC-dextran 5%	Sigma	46945-100MG-F	Can be purchased from other vendors
Dexapanthenol 5% eye ointment	Bayer	6029009.00.00	Can be purchased from other vendors
DMSO	Sigma	472301	Can be purchased from other vendors
Coverslips 5 x 5 x 1 mm	Menzel	L4339	Can be purchased from other vendors
Plasters	Leukosilk	4683400	Can be purchased from other vendors
Cotton swabs	Sanyo	604-A-1	Can be purchased from other vendors
Infrared light	Beurer	5/13855	Can be purchased from other vendors
Single-use syringe	Braun	2020-08	Can be purchased from other vendors
Insulin syringe	Braun	9161502	Can be purchased from other vendors
Disposable hypodermic needles	Braun	465 7640	Can be purchased from other vendors
End-to-end capillary	Sarstedt	19,447	Can be purchased from other vendors
Heating plate	Klaus Effenberg	OP-T 185/03	Can be purchased from other vendors
Scissors 14.5 cm	Aesculap	BC259R	Can be purchased from other vendors
Needle Holder	Aesculap	BM081R	Can be purchased from other vendors
Microforceps	Aesculap	BD331R	Can be purchased from other vendors
Microscissors	Aesculap	OC496R	Can be purchased from other vendors
Scalpel 21	Dahlhausen	11.000.00.511	Can be purchased from other vendors
Prolene 7-0	Ethicon	XNEH7470	Can be purchased from other vendors
Electrocautery	Servoprax	H40140	Can be purchased from other vendors
Acrylglass pad			Integrated heating, 0.5 cm high plane