Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Summary

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

Abstract

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within ±2 °C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Introduction

Liquid metal batteries are a promising technology for providing large-scale energy storage on worldwide electrical grids¹. These batteries offer high energy density, high power density, long cycle life, and low cost, making them ideal for grid-scale energy storage³. Introducing liquid metal batteries to the energy grid would allow peak shaving, improve grid stability, and enable much more widespread use of intermittent renewable sources like solar, wind, and tidal power. Liquid metal batteries are composed of two liquid metal electrodes separated by a molten salt electrolyte, as described in greater detail in prior work¹. Though many d....

Protocol

1. System Setup and Assembly

1. Clean the ultrasound transducer with isopropanol.
2. Load the glovebox.
   1. Load required equipment and materials (including ultrasound transducer, ePbBi, stir stick, and thermocouples) into the glovebox, following the instructions of the glovebox manufacturer to minimize ingress of oxygen and moisture.
   2. Keep porous materials under vacuum in the glovebox antechamber for 12 hr before entering the glovebox.
3. Tune the PID controller (first time only).
   1. Place the same quantity of solid ePbBi into the battery vessel that will be used in experiments (840 g).
   2. Place ....

Results

The procedure for measuring sound speed (described in detail above) was adapted from methods used by Signal-Processing SA. In principle, sound speed can easily be obtained by measuring the time of flight of an echo from a wall at known range. But precisely measuring the effective location of the transducer face is difficult, so instead one can measure time of flight twice, using a micrometer to displace the wall by a known distance between measurements. That displacement distance, and the difference in the measured time .......

Discussion

Ultrasound techniques can produce velocity measurements at hundreds or thousands of locations in a transparent or opaque fluid, many times per second. Applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound techniques encounter challenges of high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. The methods for overcoming those challenges and measuring flow in active liquid metal electrodes have been described. First, an electrode material subject to the same physics as high-temperature liquid metal battery electrodes.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
K Type Thermocouple Probe	McMaster-Carr	3856K83	http://www.mcmaster.com/
Red Lion PID Controller	Red Lion	P1610000	http://store.redlion.net/store/p16.html
Measurement Computing Data Acquisition Device	Measurement Computing Corporation	USB-2408	http://www.mccdaq.com/index.aspx
Power Supply	TDK-Lambda	GEN 8-90-USB-U	http://us.tdk-lambda.com/hp/
Ultrasound Instrument	Signal Processing SA	DOP3010	http://www.signal-processing.com/index.html
Ultrasound Transducer	Signal Processing SA	TR0805LTH	http://www.signal-processing.com/index.html
Bismuth-Lead Eutectic	VWR	AA40949-P2	https://us.vwr.com/